"Bibliotheca Anatomica, sfftsfedica, thirurgica, C?c.
CONTAINING A
DESCRIPTION
H%t federal Ifrxttfadk
OF THE
BODY:
Each done by fome One or more Eminent PHYSICIAN or CHIRURGEONj
with their Diseases and Cures. Wherein are not only all the Tracts of Ufe that are in the Second
Edition of the Bibliotheca Anatomica, lately publifh'd by* Daniel Clericus and Jacob Magnetus, in Two Volumes in Folio, but an Addition alfo of near double the Number of other Curious Tradb, which were either omitted in the faid Bibliotheca, or have been publifh'd fince, fome of them tranflated, others faithfully abridgd; very few of which were ever before in English.
Illuftrated with feveral Hundred FIGURES, done by the beft Artitts, and from the trueft Defigns ; as will appear from the Name to each Figure.
VOL. The Third and Laft.
Contains 13 Months, and finises whatever relates to the Blood, Fluids, Motion of the Heart, Chilification, Circulation, o/Poifons ; of r^Difeafes and Cures in the Ge- nital Parts of Men and Women, &c. With feveral remarkable Cafes communicated from Englilh Surgeons, &c. as well at from Mr. Bidloe ; Alfo the Surgeons Pharmacopeia done into Englrfh; From Mr. Bolneft, Surgeon to the French King's Hofpitals. This %d Volume CoUetled and Extracted from 66 feveral fcarce Trails; as appears by the Contents, not in Englifh before ; from which, and other the bejl Anatom^d Authors, are taken the moft accurate Figures anfmrable to the De/ign.
With an exa& Index to the whole three Volumes.
In the SA V O Y:
Printed by John Nutti and Sold by W. Lewis in Ruffel-flreet, Cov eat -Garden ; Dan. Browne vyithonr Temple-Bar ; J. Pemberton in Fleet-ftreet ; R. Knaplock at the Brjhop'sHead, R. Wilkin at the King's. Head, and M. Atkins at the Golden-Ball, in St. Paul's Church-yard ; W. Taylor at the Ship in Pater. Nfter-Row ; /'. Home under the Royal-Exchange, A. Bell at the Oofs- Keys, in Cornhill; and J. Mor. phew near Stationers-Hall. 1 714. Where may be had the Firft and Second Volumes compleat* or any- odd Months to perfed their Sets. (Price 1 s. aach.)
^Adyertifement of the three Volumes of the : Bibliotheca Anatomica, Medica, Chirurgica, &c.
V O L. I.
CONTAINS 14 Months, and finifhes whatever relates to the Bones, with their Difeafes and Cures, containing above 60 feve- ral Tracts, and many large Copper Plates, in which are above 300 Fi- gures.
VOL. II.
Contains 13 Months, and finifhes what relates to the Mufcles, Veins, Arteries, Nerves, &c. with the three Venters, viz. The Head, Breafi, and Belly; the Difeafes belonging to them, and the Parts contain'd therein, with their Cures 3 Collected and Extracted from feveral fcarce Tracts, not in EngUJh before 5 From which, and other the belt Anato- mical Authors, are taken the moft acute Figures that are anfwerable to the Defign.
VOL. III.
Contains' 1 3 Months, and finifhes whatever relates to the Blood, Fluids, ' . Motion of the Heart, Chilijjcation, Circulation, of Poifons 5 of the Difeafes and Cures in the Genital Parts of Men and Women: VVith feveral re- markable Cafes communicated from Englijh Surgeons, &c. as well as from Mr. Bidloe; Alfo the Surgeons Pharmacopeia done into Englip. From Mr. Bolnefi, Surgeon to the French Kings Hofpitals. Collected and Ex- tracted from feveral fearce Tracts : In Number 66, as appears by the Contents, not in Englifi before ^ from which, and other the beffc Anato- mical Authors, are taken the moft accurate Figures that are ar>fwerable to the Defign,
THE
REFACE
TO THE
READER.
\ m
WE gave a large Account before the Firft Volume of this Work, and of the Defign thereof; fo fhall be very fhort now, and only acquaint
the Reader:
Firft, We have made ufe of the beft Authors, and none other m any Language.
Secondly, They were translated or abftracted by feveral ' Hands ; which, we hope, are done with Care and Exact- nefs, as the Reader will find.
Thirdly, The Cuts are done from the beft Authors and Defigns that could be procur'd, and by the moft exact In- graver s in this Way 5 and in all, contain about Fifty very large Copper Plates, in which every Part is exactly defcri- bed -y and feveral Difeafcs and Cures thereon.
. Fourthly, This contains Five Times more, as may be feen by the Number of Tracts, than the great Bibliotheca Ana-
A 2 tomica
iv The T KEF A C E to the Reader.
tomica in Two large Volumes in Folio 3 and more modern and ufeful, as may be feen in the Contents to each Volume :
The Firft Volume containing above 60 Tracts 5
The Second Volume above — — 90
And the Third and laft Volume — 66 different Tracts.
In all — — — — — — 216
Not to be procured for Ten Times the Money thefe are fold for.
Fifthly, To this Third and laft Volume is added a large Index to the whole, all put in one Alphabetical Order 3 fo that thePhyfician, Surgeon, <*rc. may find many Cafes on one and the fame Part, with the Difeafes and Cures done by dif- ferent Perfons, for his better Information. f
Sixthly, The Perfons concern'd have fpared no Coft in having the Whole well done 3 the Ingraving, the Cuts, the Copy-Money, Books from abroad, that were ufed in compiling the fame from different Languages, never before in Englifh, amounting to above Five hundred Pounds, be- fides the Paper and Print of the Whole. And,
Seventhly and laftly, We may be bold to fay, It is the beft and moft perfect Collection in this Nature, and much the cheapeft that ever was yet done in any Country or Lan- guage whatever.
And fo READER Farewel.
The
V
The CONTENTS of the Tra&s eon- tain'd in this Third and Lift Volume of the Hibliotheca Aiatornica, &c.
Tra# i . S~\ F the Motion of the Blood; and V / firft °$ Sanguification, and Nn~ trition. From Harvey, Glif- fon, Lower, Walteus, Verheyen, Drake, &c. Page i
2. Of the Nature of Fluidity; horn Fluids agree , and that Blood is like other Fluids ; with an Account of what is known of that Liquor. From Paxtorw Specimen, Phyfico-Medi- cum, &c. 12
3. Of the Blood, with fever al Experiments made thereon by Bailing ; the Addition of fever al mix'd Bodies by the Microfcope and Chimical Analyfis. From Phil. Verheyen, &c, 19
4. Of the Motion of the Heart, and Circula- tion of the Blood. From Harvey, Lower, Wallseus, De Back, Ent, Bartholin, Bag- livy, Verheyen, St. Hillaire, &c. 25
5. Of the Motion of the Blood, Sanguification, and Nutrition, &c. From James De Back,
• Phyfician in Ordinary to the Town of Rotter- " dam. 35
6. Whether Harvey thought that the V mtriclts of the Hart were fo expanded in the Syftole, that they might rective Blood, and fo fhut up again in tFe Dialtole as to thrufi it forth ; that fuch a Sequel did follow from the Suppo- fttions of Caitefius. By J. De Back. 40
7. Of the Action of the Hem, and the Mo- tion of the Blood, called Circulation; with fe- ver al material Things that depend thereon. From Diemerbroeck, Willis, Etmuller, Duncan, St. Hillaire &c. '44
8. Of Chyl'ification, and its Pajfage into the Bhod ; with fome Account of its Motion, to-
f ether with Nutrition and Accretion. From 'hil. Verheyen, M. D. Profeffor of Ana- tomy at Lovaine. 57
Tradt 9. Of the Expulfton of the Chile from the Stomach, and its Pajfage to the Blood. By the fame. Page 61
10. Qf the Circulation of the Blood. By the- fame ' 62
11. Of Fermentation in general, in order to the better underflanding oj Animal Fermentations, and the Motion of Animal Fluids. From the PhilofophicalTranlaclions,^ Des Cartes, Efquire Boyle, Dr. Willis, Dr. Drake, &c.
67
12. Dr. John MayowV Treat ife of the Motion of the Animal Spirits ; to which fame Things are added concerning the Motion of the Brain, &c. $2
13. Of Digeflion, Chilification, and the Appa- ratus thereto conducing. From Gliflbn, Willis, Havers, Drake, &c. \oj
14. In what Manner the ContraUion of the Fi- brils of the Heart is performed, as alfo of the Contractive Motion of the Mufcles in ge- ral. From Mayow, &c. 120
15. Of Voluntary Motion, according to the Sy- (lem of Borellus, Willis Gliflbn, Harvey^ and others taken from Dr. Charletonj En- quiry into Human Nature, &c. 131
16. Of Nutrition, and what elfe relates to it agreeable to the Opinions of Harvey, Gliflbn, Malpighius, Willis, Dr. Ent 's Antidiatri-
triba, &c.
140
17. Of the Nature of different Fluids, and par- ticularly of the Spirits called Animal or Ner- vom, and their Motion. From Dr. Paxton'j Specimen Phyl. Med. 157
18. Rules for the Pratt ice of Phyjick. Tranflated from Sir David Hamilton, Phyfician in Or- dinary to her prefent Majefty Qneen Anne,
165
Trad 19,
VI
The CONTENT S.
Tti'St \<y. An Account oj Animal Secretion, the Quantity oj Blood, in the Humane I ody, and MstfcuUr Motion. By J. Keill, M. D.
Page 177
20. Myograph! a: Comparata? Specimen : Or, a Comparative Defription oj all the Mnfcles in a Man, and a Ourdrupcd ; fbemng their Dijiovercr, Origin';, Progrefs, Infertitm, Ufe, and Difference : To i^hich is added, an Account oj the Mu files particular to a Woman. By J. Douglas, M. D. 199
21. Adverfaria Anatom. Med. Chirurgica, taken from fome fcattered Pieces of Dr. Fre- deierick Ruyfch, Mr. John Jacob Raw, Mr. Guevelon, the mo Adrians, Father and Son, Mr. Catuve, &c. 204
22. Of the Manner and Laws of Secretion, the true StruBure of the Glands, and of the Ope- ration of Vomitive, Purgative, and Mercu- rial Medicines, which arc mechanically ex- plain d by Dr. Chene. 217
23. An entire Hiftory oj all the Fluids that are contained in the Humane Body, as Chyle, Milk, the Semen Virile, Pancreatick and Biliary Juices, the Lochia, and other Fe- male Excretions, Serum Lympha, the Hu- mour oj the Pericardium, Salva, Tears or the Liquor flowing from the Eyes, the Mucus or Snoi oj the Noje, Ear-Wax, Urine, Sweat, the Matter oj infenfible Transpiration', oj Spirits called Animal, Succus Nutritius, ike. From Verheyen, Bellini, D'Gag- Jion, Hecquet, and other Modern Authors : And fir ft from Pitcarn'/ Differ tat ions. 142
24 Of the Circulation of the Blood by the fmal- ler Veffels. By Dr. Pitcarn. 142
25. Of the fever al EffeBs. oj Poifons on Hu- mane Bodies, Kith a Mechanical Account oj Poifons, jrom Drs. Mead, Brown, Bag- livy, &c. 258
26. Sea Difeafes ; or, a Treatife of their Na- ture, Caufes, and Cure. Alfo an Effay on Bleeding in Fevers, Jhening the Quantity of Blood to be let in any oj their Periods. By W. Cockburn, M. D. late Phyficianoj his Majeflys Fleet, F R. S. 291
27. Oj the Genital Parts oj Men, <kc. From De Graaf. 311
28. Oj the Penis. From the fame. 216
29. Of the Parts of Generation in Men, and the Difeafes fubjeli thereto, particularly thofe
' of the Penis. From Verheyen, St. HilJaire, &e. 322 3
Traft 30. Of the Difeafes fibjeSl to the Parts of Generation in Men. From the f me Au- thors. Page 325
31. Of the Organs of Generation in Women.
328
32. Of the Placenta Uterina, the Umbilical V fffels, the Membranes that involve the Fa:tus, and the Liquors that they contain- the Situation of the Foetus in the Womb, the legitimate Time, the Nourifhment of the Foe- tus, the Difference of a Foetus before Birth, and after. 335
33. Of the Catameuia, or Menfes. 339
34. Oj Generation. 342
35. Oj the Generation, Formation, Nutrition, and Birth oj the Foetus jrom the Mother s Womb. Taken jrom Harvey, Needhain, Leeuwenhoeck, De Graef, Svvammerdam, St. Hillaire,Tauvery, Mery, and Bufliere.
347
36. An Account oj a Book writ in Italian, con- cerning Generation, by an Anonmyom Author, and dedicated to Malpighius. 3^0
37. An Extratt oj a Letter oj Monfieur De St Maurice, M D. to Monfieur De la Cloture, concerning the Formation of a Foetus in the Tefiicle. Taken out of the Journal de Medicine publifhed at Paris.
351
38. AnObfervation of an uncommon Cafe of a Dropfy contain d between the Tunicks or Coats of the Womb. Taken from the Philofophical Tranfaclion?, January '69'. 354
39. The ConduB of Nature informing an Ani- mal from an Egg. . 355
; 40. Of the Difeafes fubjcB to the Parts of Ge- neration in Women ; and fir ft of the Womb. From St. Hillaire, ~&c. 360
41. Of the Delivery of Women. From Monf. Dion. 375
42. Of delivering Women, and the Difeafes "attending them. By Monfieur Vaugion, M. D. ' 385
43. Of the Carfarean Birth. 434
44. Of the Difeafes, and their Cures, that are more peculiar to the Privy-Parts, as mil as the Parts of Generation in both Sexes ; efpe- cially of the Fiftula in Ano, with the Cafe of the prefent French King. Taken from Mr. Monnier'j Treatife oj the Fiftula, and dedicated to Monfieur Fselix, fir ft Chirurgeon to that King ; and the refi jrom Michael is, Etmuller, St. Hilaire, Dionis, &c 436
Tra<5t45. Tm
The CONT E N T S.
Tra&45. Two remarkable Cafes of the Bubo- nocele. From Mr. ]ohn ProcW, Surgeon At Carlifle in CuMiberlam ag< 45*),
440, 442
46. Of reducing the Fundament mi Womb, and opening Parts imperforate, as the Vulva, Penis, or Fundament, &t: tiy Monfieur Vaugion. 442
47. Of Cajlration. 445
48. Of Lythotomy, or Cutting of the Stone.
449
49; Of the PunUion of the Perseneum. 457 50. Of the Fiitula in Ano. ^ 458
<i. 0/ /Ae Operations to be performed in the Anus : /row r. Dion. &/ ting for the Fiftula in Ano 5 with the Hijiory of that of the French King, per- formed by Monfieur Fselix, his Chief Surgeon.
461
52. Of the Difeafes and Cures incident to Wo- men and Children. From Michael, St. Hi- laire, Harris, Mead, &c. 474
53. Of the Difeafes incident to Women with Child, and -their feveral Cures. From the fame Authors. 489
54. Of the Difeafes of Children, and their Cures. From Michaelis, Dr. Harris 's De Morbis Infantiuin, &c. 4f9
«j"5. Of the Medico ; Chirurgical Observations about the Infirmities of Women. By John Van Meeckren, Chirurgion to the City of Ain- fterdam, &c. 504
«j6. A Letter from Abraham Cyprianus, Do- ctor of Phy/tck, &c. relating the Hijiory of a Humane Foetus of One and twenty Months, taken,from the Tubes of the Matrix before the Death of the Mother. . 317
vii
Tra<5i 57. Of Fevers in general from D. Gag- non, Sieur de Santigny, Monfieur Chail- lon, Wallis, Morton, Sydenham, Carle- ton, &c. Page 526
58. A Continuation of Fevers, as alfo of the Small Pox, Measles, &c. From Michael, Sydenham, Morton, Cole, C"c. With an Account of the Cortex: From Dr. I a xton, &c. 549
59. A further Continuation of the fame. From the beji Authors. 560
60. Of the Venereal Difeafe : A particular Trail from Mufitanus'. 571
61. Of the Gonorrhea and Salivation. From Paxton. 57 1
62. Of a Confirmed Pox. By B lan card, Mi- chael Torres, (§c. 574
63. Of Mercury ; and if that be the Speci- fick Medicine for the V enereal Difeafe. From the fame Author. 578
65. Of the Gonorrhea both in Men and Women. From Torres, Dr. Drake, &c.
66. Of the Operations performed on the Blad- der, &c. From Dion. And of cutting for the Stone. 605
67. Several Remarkable Cafes which have been communicated to us by Phyficians, Surgeons, &c. 619
68. An Account of fiveral Wounds and Dif- eafes, with remarkable Cafes and Cures on fe- ver aI Perfons. From G. Bidloo. 622
69. A Chirurgical Difpenfatory • /hewing the Manner of Choofing, and the Prepartion of fuch Medicines as are mofl neceffary for Sur- geons. 632
An
VI i
An Account of . the CUTS, and Tages where to find them m this Third and laft Volume of
the Hibliotheca Anatomica.
PLATE the id and 2d, %d and 4th, all in one • Of the Vefjels of Generation, or Genital Parts of Men. Taken from Reynerus De Graef, Phyftcian at Delph : Containing,
Tab. y. Fig. T. Of the Vefels, called Prepa- rantia or Differentia of the Tdticles.
Fig. 2. Of the Preparing Vein from the defend- ing Trunk of the Vena Cava, running to the very Tefticle. Page 306
Fig. 3. Part of the Vas Deferens in which the Cavity is confpicuous. 307
Tab. 2. Shews the Humane Tefticles, with their proper Covering and Veffels, in three Figures. 307
Tab. 3. Shews the Figure of Brute Animals, in which the Te/licular V effels may more eafily and plainly be feen as well from Art as Na- ture, in Five Figures. 308, 309
Tab. 4. Shews the Humane Tefticles difjetled fever al Ways, with the Glandulous Body, in Six Figures. 309, 3 1 0
Plate 2. Contains Four large Figures of the .Organs of Generation in hi en. Taken from De Graef. Whereof Tab. 8. Jhews the Ge- nital Parts as cohering from within. 344
Tab. 9. Fig. I. Shews the Virile Member di- vided in the Middle, from the upper Part to the Urethra 345
Fig. 2. Shews the Virile Member opened length- ways. 345
Fig. 3. The Virile Member cut traverfe 345
Tab. io. Th* Explanation of Two Figures taken from Swammerdam. viz,. Fig. 1. Jhews the back Profpcil of the Uterus of a Woman after Delivery. 346
Fig. 2. One of the Fallopian Tubes, with its ' Blood- Veffels filled with Qutck-ftlver and Wind, to (hew their Progrejs on one of the AIsb Velpertilionum, with the retttcular Dijhihithn of the Veins $n the Parts of
the Tube, and its foliated Expanfion, where- by thefe Paps became dtjlended, and are ren- dered capable each of embracing the Ovarium on their own Side, in order 10 convey the Semen Mafculinum from the Uterus, as well as to tranfmit the Impregnated Egg af- terwards to its Fundus. Page 347
Tab. 8. A large Plate containing feveral Fi- gures of the Parts of Generation in Women. Taken from Sw.rnmerdam.
Fig. 1. The fore Projpetl of the Uterus in a Woman after Delivery 382
Fig. 2. Exhibiting the Pudenda of a Virgin, taken freflj out of the Body, and difplayed.
Fig 3. The Pudenda of a Virgin with its Clitoris dried.
Fig. 4. The Slit of the Hymen, C?c. 382, 383
Tab. 9. From the fame Author.
Fig. 1. Shews the Uterus of a Virgin.
Fig. 2. The Body of the Clitoris dtjlended wick Wind, as with Blood in Coitu.
• '
Tab. 10. Two large Plates containing many Fi- gures of the Delivery of Women. Taken from Monfteur Viardell, Chirurgion to the late French Queen. 435
Tab. 2. Fig. r. Reprefents the Defcent of the Womb called the Precipitation. 435
Fig. 2. Reprefents the Turning of the Womb infide out by too great a Violence in the De- livery of the After Birth. 435
A very large Plate, done by Dr. Gyprianus, defcribing the Birth, &c. of a Foetus One and twenty Months in the Womb. 524
Fig. I. Reprefents the Foetus, as it appeared in the Operation. 525
Fig. 2. 7 he Bottom of the Womb.
Fig. 3. The Fallopian Tubes, &c. full of Water. 525
Tab. 1 1. The Cafe of an Exuberated Teftis. 619
Biblh-
—
1813
THE THIRD
V O L U
A /
O F
TSibliotheca Anatomicay Adedica, Chirurgica9 (?c.
Of the Motion of the 'Blood ; and firjl of Sanguifica* cation and Nutrition. From Harvey, Gliflbn, Lower, Walaeus, Verheyen, Drake, &c.
uon
E V O R E we enter upon the large Field concerning the Motion or Circulation of the Blood , we Stall fay fomething of SAnguijjca- and Nutrition. The Blood then is a warm red Liquor, or the reddeft Part of all the Mafs of Fluids in the Animal Body, that circulates by Means of the Arteries and Veins through every Part of the Body.
While it circulates in the VtfTels, it ap- pears a homogeneous or uniform Liquor ; but being let out, as it gradually cools, it feparates fpontaneoufly into two dilhn& Parts, a Crajfamcntum or red coherent Mafs, and a Serum or tranlparent Part, which ftill retains its Fluidity, and being fomething the more fpecifically heavy of the two, fullains and bears up the red Part which fvvims in it ; the Proportion of which two in the Mix'd, is ordinarily about one and a half
of the Serrnn to one of the CraJJarftentum. T have pitch'd upon this Proportion (fays the Accurate Drake J as a Medium betwixt the Exceflcs on both Sides : But the Readef is not to be furpriz'd, if he fometimes finds the Proportion vaftly different from what I have here given even in Perfons of found Health ; for as to this Point, Nature feems not to have fettled any perfect Standard, but the Blood of fome will be more watry or ferous, of others more fibrous, than this Proportion feems to allow, and yet no vi- fible Difference be found in the Perfons as to Point of Health : and therefore I propofe this as a Meafure of a 1 hing not reduced to a Certainty, and in which therefore a great Latitude is to be allow'd.
The Blood is deriv'd from the Chyle, which having pafs'd the Lacleals of the feveral Kinds, is deliver'd into th^ Blood at the
2 Bibliotheca
Subclavian, whence they pafs together to the right Ventricle of the Heart, and there be- ing yet more intimately mix'd, circulate thence forward's together through the whole Body, till after lcveral Circulations and Depurations at the lcveral Colatures or Strainers of the Body, they are (as the Chy- mifts call it) cohobated or aflimulated, lo as to make one uniform compound Mais, which feems to be nothing elfe but Chyle al- ter'd by the Artifice of Nature, and exalted into Blood; for it does not appear that any Thing extraneous is mix'd with the Liquor circulating in the Blood Vejfels but Chyle, ex- cept what was firft feparated from it for par- ticular Ufes, and what, after having ferv'd them, it returned to it, unlefs perhaps it may receive lome Portion of Air in the Xungs, which has been a Queftion much dilculs'd pro and con, but not yet brought to any certain Decifion by any Arguments that yet appear to have been produced on either Side the Queftion.
That there is a Quantity of Air mix'd with the Blood, and circulating along with it, is part Doubt ; but whether any more than was at firft contained in the Bodies out of whicli the Chyle was made, and was then tranfmitted along with it to the Blood, is a Queftion not yet decided : Nor perhaps is it eafy to find Arguments that (hall be demon- ftratively conclufive either Way ; though if there were any Air introduced into the Blood by any other PalTage than the Lalleals in the Manner dready mentioned, it would be a DHcovery of very great Importance, and that might tend to the Solution of ma- ny doubtful Problems in the Animal Oeeo- noir.y, if the Way and Method of its En- trance could be clearly demonftrated ; but that not being done even for the Lungs, the molt probable Way, we fhall not preiume ib far as ablblutely either to receive or re;ect the Opinion.
The Neceffity of Refptration, and the florid Colour which the Blood receives in the Lungs, and firft fhews in the Vend Tul- wonaris, are the Arguments which thole who contend for the Admiflion of the Air into the Blood that Way in lift mod upon. For the firft of them, we have already account- ed in the Second Volume. The latter is cL .efly Supported by the Experiment ot turn-
Anatomica,
ing the grumous red Part of the Blood af- ter Coagulation upon Blood-letting, by which it is oblerved, that the under Surface, which was before blackifh, being turn'd up, and expofed to the Air, acquires a florid Colour, like that of the Blood in the Vena Pulmona- ris ; from whence they argue , that this Change wrought is in both Calcs by the fame Mean?, viz.. by the Contact of the Air. , But for this Change in the Lungs, thole who oppofe the AdmifTion of the^dftr. pretend to account by the extraordinary A- gitation of the Blood in the Lungs, which they think fufneient, by Comminution only, to impart the bright Colour.
There is an Experiment indeed which feems to favour the real Admiffion of Air, which is, that keeping the Lungs of a Sheep, or other Animal, in a pendulous or hanging Poliure, if Water be poured into t he Tra- chea till it.be full, the Water will firft infi- nuate it fclf into the Air Vefllls, and thence return very freely through the Blood VelTels. This (fays Dr. Drake) I have tried very often ; but as I oblerved it would flow as freely from the Artery as the Vein, which, together with the Hydropical Diftention of the VelTels thcmlelves, render it fulpected that the Continuity of thofe very tender Parts was broken by the Weight of the Wa- ter ; and therefore he cautions not to lay too much Strefs upon this Experiment, but propounds it only in order to farther lels iuipicious Trials.
But whenceloever derived, and how lit- tle foever it may be, this included Air' is that which gives the expanfive Motion or Spring to the Mafs of Blood, and confe- quenily is the Caule of the lncalefcence or Warmth of it, which may thence eafily be ac- counted for without having Recourle to A- cids and Alkali's, or Chymical Principles j for Air, wherefoever included, is comprefs'd, as it muft necefhrily be in all Liquors, and will endeavour to expand it felf, and con- lcquently, if it be ftrong enough, drive out- ward the Farts of the Body that indole it ; by which Means it caufes the Blood to beat againft Lhe Sides of the V cj]clsy which having mnfc»lons contr attin.g Coats, do in their Turns compiels it again, and lo caufe a. reciprocal ts£fttts- or Heat in the Blood greater than the meer circulatory Motion could; whence
Mecfka, Chh
the Parts of the Solids or containing Ve£ fels being put into a conftant Agitation, as well as the Fluids, a He.it is produc'd in both, which, they mutually impart to each other.
Befides this Air, the Blood confifts of fe- veral Sorts of Parts, to fome oik or more of which, and their mutual Action upon one another, the inteftine Motion of the Blood has hitherto generally been imputed. Thole which upon the Analyfts offer thcmielves to our View, are two Sorts, as Salts, a Quan- tity of Oil ; which by fome nice Examiners have likewife been found to be of two Sorts, a great deal of Flcgm or Water, a good Quantity of Caput mortuum ; which, how- ever fimple it may appear, may, for ought we know, conlift of divers Substances ellen- tially diftinit from one another ; but for Want of lufficient Ways of Probation, all that we get out of it, is a little fixed Salt by Incineration.
The Chymifts, according to their wonted Method and Principles, account for the Co- lour of the Blood from the Exaltation of its Sulphur, which, whether true or falfe, isgra- tis ditlum, and altogether as unfatisfaclory as it is arbitrary. However, fmce the Doclrine of Colours in general is not applicable to Medicinal Ufe, it is not an Inquiry very ne- ceflary to be profecuted in an Anatomical Work. However, that accurate fagacious Inquirer Alphonfas Borellm not Satisfied with fuch wide vague Idea's of Natural Caufes, thought fit to examine the Ground or Ma- teria Jubjirata of the Rednefs of the Blood by a Method more fimple, and (I think) in fuch Cafes more likely to lucceed than the Chy- xnical, which defiroys tht Concrete, and with a new Texture introduces Appearances. He took a Parcel of the Crajfamentum, after it had feparated it felf from the Serum as far as fpontaneoufly it would, and wafhing it frequently in Water, found, that by that Way it was Separable into a vilcous Slippery Subltance, confiding of white or colour- Jefs Fibre-, which riles to the Surface of the Water, and there gathers into a Skin or co- herent Pellicle of a Reticular or Net-like Texture, and deep red Powder, which preci- pitated pretty plentifully to the Bottom.
Thi:; Experiment Shews, that the red Co- lour of the Blood is imparted to the Blood
urgica, i$c. 3
by particular tinging Particles, as in the com- mon Experiments of Dyers, tho' not fo in- feparably as many of theirs, moft of which they know however very well how to dif- charge. It might therefore be very well worth that Man's while, who will reafon about the Colour of the Blood from the Hy- pofl at ical Principles of the Chymiits, to exa- mine the Red precipitate apart, and lb with which of their Elements it moft abounds, which might perhaps teach them to be more wary in pronouncing about the Original of Colours. This fine red Colour, however generally found in the Blood of terreftrious Animals, and moft others, is not abfolutel'y neceflary or elTential to it ; for befides that divers whole Species have their circulating Liquor white or limpid, which I Should not Scruple to call Blood, I have feen Blood (fays Dr. Drake) let out to the Quantity of a Pint or more, from the Median of a Man, which was all of a pure Milk White, which did not, when cold, feparate into a Crajfa- mentum, as the Red ufually does, nor yield a Skin or Cream, nor turn fowr upon keep- ing, as Milk does, which to Appearance it very much relembled, but remained fweet without parting Subltances for fome Weeks, and at laft corrupted and ftunk, after almoSt three Months that I kept it fluid in a Viol, and then a very flight Separation enfued of the whiter Part from a Whey-coloured Liquor y but neither was the Coagulam near fo Strong as that of fowr Milk, nor the Liquor lb tranlparent as Serum or Whey, nor either in Smell or TaSfe inclined to be fowr, but had at laft a Smell pretty Strong of Putrefaction. The Man from whom it was drawn, was lightly CacheUical, and both his Looks and Complaints were like Maids not very far gone in a Chlorofts.
Divers other Inftances arc to be found in Author?, of Blood that was not Red j and Dr. Lower, in his Book De Corde, relates a. remarkable Cafe of one that bled lb long at the Note, that at laft the Broth which he drank for his Supper flow'd little alier'd the lame Way, as Blood: But that CaSe of the White Blood above recited, being the moft compleat in its kind j for there was a Change made without any accidental Circumftances of Force, or the Attendance of any extraor- dinary lnconveniencies, which was in k B 2 Manr
4 Bibliotheca
Manner habitual, snd did not probably come upon the Man in an Inftant, or a (hort Time, nor vanifh ib ; but in all Appearance had its leifurely Steps and Gradations ; du- ring part at leafiof which Time a Man muft live, and do all the Offices of Life ; which he leem'd to do in the main as well as o- thers, efpecially as fuch to whom we have above compar'd his State, without what is vulgarly call'd Blood. It is propoled more at large, That they who trouble themfelves to realbn about the elTential Qualities of Blood, may at Leifure confider wherein the Defect lay.
The Chymifts perhaps will readily tell us, That Blood is a Liquor more Sulphureous than Mill, and that in this Blood which re- i'embled Milk lb much, the Sulphur was not fufficiently exalted to give the Red Tintlure, which they derive from that Principle. On the other Hand, they who fetch the Colour from the Impregnation of the Air in the Lungs, may fancy a Defect or Obftruction ©f the Paffage of the Air into the Blood in that Part, by which Means it was defrauded ©f that Colour or Spirituofity, which other- wife I Ihould have had. Either of thele Opinions may be true, but they are both improv'd, and therefore neither to be infilled on. But there is another Difficulty j which is, That this White Blood, after it had been let out from the Vein, above the ul'ual Time of Separation, either in Blood or Milk, did not yet follow the Courfe of either, but ftill preferv'd its Mixture, without parting into a Crajfamentum and Serum, or into a Coagulum and Whey.
Here the Chymifts have a fair Opportu- nity to pretend to Librarian or equal Tem- perature of their Salts, and to fay that the Proportion of 'em was luch, that the Alla- iious hindered the Acid from procuring a Coa- gulum, and the Acid prevented a fpeedy Corruption from the volatile Alkalious, and fo betwixt them preferv'd the State that it appear'd in at the firft letting out, longer than is ufual in Liquors, that have had their due Exaltation. On the other Hand, they that hold the Mixture of Air with the Blood in the Lungs, may at lea ft with equal Rea- son fay, That this Blood, not having re- ceived in the Lungs a Quantity of Air fuf- ficient for its Perfection and Colour, cot>
Anatomic a,
tinued yet enough to maintain it in the State of Fluidity, though not fufficient to bring it fpeedily to Putrefaction ; which however it did at laft, after an unufual Length of Time t But this is left to further En- quiry.
To return to the Hiitory of laudable well conttituted Blood : The vifible Elements of it are thole which the Laboratories of the Chymijls produce fcparate, though perhaps much alter'd by the Furnace ; for it is part ' all Controverly that the Empyreumatical Oils drawn from the Blood by Fire, differ toto Calo from the natural Fat, or Oil, which circulates with the Blood : Nor is it impro- bable that the Salts raifed from Bloed, or o- ther Animal Liquors, are in the Operation very much acuated ; or at leaff, that the various Combinations of them, by which they were circulated in the Blood, are fo de- flroyed as to render thein quite a different Thing from what they were in the natural State. It may likewife be a reafonable Doubt, whether the Earth, or Caput Mortuunt which remains in the Retort after the Di- fhllation ended, be not a new Produihon, which had noExiftence under any Form re- fembling that in the Blood it lelf ; and it is probable that it is the Refult of the hea- vier Salts and Oils, which being deftitute of their more fluid Parts,, are in a manner tor- rified in the Procefs,. and put on a Shape, Confidence and Rigidity, which naturally they never had. But this latter Doubt I would not extend too far, becaufe the Nou- rifhment of the Bones leems necefTarily to require iomething more lolidthan Oil, and lets fluxil than Salt, which may ferve to give a Confidence and Temper to thofe Two, of which the Bones by their Analyjis are found mainly to cenfift.
From thole Principles or Elements varioufly combin'd and diftnbuted by the Circulatory Motion impreis'd by the Heart, as has been already fhewn in the Second Volume, and by the OJcillatory expanfive Notion of the in- terfpers'd Air, and the Reaction and Refti- tution of the contractile VefTels through which it pafTes, flow all the Properties and Operations of the Blood. From this Mix- ture of Elements, and their lax Compofi- tion,, it is fulceptible of various Alterations and IrnprelTions, of which the Principal are
Mecfica, Chi
Coagulation, which almoft conftantly attends the Parts of it, when out of the Body ; but if generally within the Body, it muff be mortal inttantaneoufly, and therefore fuch a State of the Blood does not appear ever to have happened without artificial Procurement. Diffolution, which is an Af- fection juft contrary to the former, and is fuch a Comminution of the Fibrous Parts of the Blood, as it indifpofes it for that Se- paration of the Craffamentum from the ferous Part, which always enfues in Healthy Blood upon cooling out of the Body, if received into a deep Veffel ; for upon a plain Surface it will not feparate. This DilTolution, or broken Texture of the Blood, is often the Confequence of Malignant and Pefiilen- tial Fevers, and fhows it lelf in the Petechia, or Purple Spots ; and in many of thefe Cafes, the Blood taken away by Phlebotomy will not feparate into a Craffamentum and ferous Part. This Sort of Diffolution is likewife oc- cafion'd by fome Kinds of Poifons ; among which may be reckon'd, the Bites of Vene- mous Animals; as Rattle-Snakes, Vipers, 8zc. In fome of which however, the Diffolution is not Total, but Partial, and therefore over- come by proper Applications. Thofe Two contrary Affections of the Blood, when they fpring from an Internal Caufe, arife from the oppofite Kinds of Salts, Acids, and Volatile alkalies. For though in an Humane Body no fincere Air is to be found, nor could it indeed be confident with Life ; yet it may, and does often enter the Blood fo compoun- ded, as to bridle the Volatile Alldious, which is the true Salt of the Blood, and lo hinder the due Attenuation and Mixture of the feveral Parts ; as in the Cafe of a Dia- betes, and perhaps, in a Chlorofs, where the Blood is thick and torpid. On the other Hand, where the Alkalious are too redun- dant, and unbridled or exalted, the Blood is render'd too thin and fluid ; fo that the Difcrimination of its confident Parts is lolt, according to the feveral Degrees of which, follow Hypermenfiruations, PurpU Spots, Bloody Urine, Sweat, &c.
Another Diftffetlion, which is very fre- quent in the Blood, is a too great Abundance of Oils or Salt Particles ; by Means of which, the active Parts of the Blood being too suich clogg'd,, the Faculties of the Body are
urgica, iS'c. §
not fo vigoroufly exerted, and thofe Parts which fhould be leparated from the Blood for the peculiar Uies are intangled and de- tain'd, whereby the Ends for which they are occafion'd by Nature to be feparated are not fufhciently anlwer'd ; and perhaps, which may be done of the lea It Inconvc- niencies of an over-oily Blood : The folid Parts through and by which it paffes, are too much lubricated and fuppled, and the Tone of them thereby vitiated ; and conse- quently their Spring relax'd, and their Action impair'd ; from hence proceed that Jlaggijh In- ability and Drotv/tnefs which generally at- tend very fat People ; whofe Nerves, Mem- branes, and other Tenfe Parts, are relax'd by the too great Quantity of Fat with which the Blood abounds.
The contrary Affection to this is, the De- fect of Oil in the Blood ; which being as it were its Balftm Lines, and pieferves all the Parts from being fretted and corroded by the Salts ; whofe Spicula or Edges are engag'd , and as it were, fheath'd in this foft Balfamick Matter, and fo kept from attending the folid Parts, as they conftantly do where this is wanting. This Dyfcrafy of the Blood is ufually attended with a general Atrophy^ and a fretting or corroding of fome particu- lar Parts; whence arife ferous Defluxionsy Apofiemations and Ulcers, &c. to which all Parts of the Body are liable in fuch a State of the Blood, efpecially the Lungs, whofe tender Veficulous Subftance is more eafily annoy 'd than any other, by the Acrimony , of the Salt Scrum ; whenever this happens, if it be not fpeedily corrected, a Phthifick foon follows, in the Acme of which the Lungs become ulcerated.
Thefe are the principal Dyfcrapes orDifaf- fections of the Blood, relating to its Tem- perature and due Mixture ; for as to its Ter- refrrious Part, or Element of Earth, the Ex- ceffesor Defects of that are not fo notorious, - and confequently the Proportion • which it holds to the reft is not fo eafily to be difco- vered and adjufted, unlefs perhaps the Cre- taceous Tophi, and Calculous Concretions lo'fre- quently found in Animal Bodies, may be laid to be the Product of a Redundance of Earth in the Blood : But if that be lo, thia Dyfcrafy does not fhew it felf very apparent- ly in the Blood, by any Thing but its-
Effects*
6 Bibliotbeca
Effc£ts, neither does it afford any clear In- dications. For thofe that in thefe Cafes Phy- ficians have been able to find, are generally drawn from the Excels and Kinds of the Salts, which are always combin'd in great Quantity in this fort of Concretions j and all the Scope that they rationally drive at from their Preservative or Curative Indications, is to prevent thofe Coagulations, of which they look upon the Salts to be the Caufe, or to diiTolve them, when but loofely form'd. Tor whatever, farther fome may pretend to in thefe Cafes, is but the vain Boatiings of Charletuns and Empiric ks, who cheat the People with their Pretences to infallible DtJJ'olvents, of firmly compared Stones, which they impudently pretend to have do.ie, whenever by the ordinary Means difguifed, they happen to drive out any loofe unknit Gravel, or [mall Stones.
All the other Dyfcrafies of the Blood dif- cover themlelves readily enough to the Eye, the Touch, or the Tafi, of a diligent, judi- cious Inquirer. But this only betrays it lelf none of thefe Way?, and is to be found out by Reafoning, and Conlequences drawn from Hypothetical Caufes ; in which we may eafily be deceiv'd, though there be a Neceffity fometimes of ufing them. We can cafily fee whether the Blood be of greater or lefs Confiftence than in a State of Health it ought to be ; we can fee and feci whether it abounds with Serofities, or Oil ; and we can talt, or ever fezYlht Afpcrmes of the Salts: The Earth only, which is efteem'd the grdffeft of all the Hypojlatkal Elements, eludes all thefe Trial?, and leaves us to find it in its Effects.
However, as the Excefles and Defedts of the other Elements are the molt dilcoverable, io are they likevvife the molt important ; and by their various Combinations and Complications, produce molt of the Difeafes of the Diflempers of the Body, and there- fore the Constitution of the Blood fhould upon'al) Occafions of Phlebotomy be nicely inquired into with more Curiofity and Ex- actness than I doubt Phyficians generally ule ; who ordinarily content themfelves with a fuperfici.il View, or perhaps a flight Talt with the End of the Finger ; whereas they ought in many Cafes to feel carefully, and examine by their Touch the Degree of
Anatomica,
Cohafion and Tenacity in the Grtnnous Part after Separation, as well as the Smooth- nels and Oleofity of both Part? ; And if they did by frequ:nt weighing a Stated Meafure examine the Spec i fie k Gravity of Morbid in different Cafes, and of found Blood, likewife they might perhaps arrive at a Standard of the Quantity of Air con- tain'd in them, and thereby difcover when the Dilejfe proceeded from an Excels or Defect of Air incorporated in it. 'It is cer- tain that the light loofe Oblervations made upon Blood by our Surgeons, and Blood-letting Apothecaries^ sexy fuperficial and unlatisfa- ctory ; and the Judgments that they make upon them generally erroneous and fa lie, for minding only the Superficies and Colour of the Blood, or perhaps the appearing Quantity of Serum in it, they roundly' pro- nounce it Good or Bad, Rich or Poor, with- out minding any other Circumstances. Thus if the Colour be florid or gay, they readily commend it for good Blood, although perhaps it be Hypochondriacal or Flatulent, or have in it the Rudiments and Tokens of an Incipient Inflammation', in both vvhich Cafes the Blood will be very florid, becaufe the Texture of it is pretty loole and broken. But having heard there were fuch Things in the Blood, as Red Globules, from which in- deed the French Phyficians and Philofsphers have, upon the Score of the Figure, gene- rally derived the Rednefsof the Blood, tho* according to the Do£trine of that incompa- rable Mather: atici an -\x\c\ Philofopher, Sir Ifaac Newton, Red being the Colour lealt Refran- gible and lealt Refracted, the Globular Figure is of all others the lea ft apt to produce that Colour, as being the molt Refrangible : they conclude the Globules of the Blood fafe and entire, and confequently all elie well on the other Hand : When they lee the fizy Pellicle, they prelently cry out of Acidity, which caules, in their Opinion, that ft iff Coagti- lum ; whereas it is the Product of the direct contrary, and is only a Mixture of the Aqueous and Oily Part of the Blood, by Means of tco much V <AatiIc Salt ; which, by an Intenfe Heat, are inleparably incor- porated', as appears by the ttifT Jellies pro- duced in the Philofuphical Digeftor • which both in Colour, Coiifijhnce and Tenacity, re- iembles the fizy Skin, which by its Ap- pearance
Medic a, Chirurgica, tec. j
pearance always on the Surface, fhews it ing as the Tone of the refpective Parts thro'
lelf to confift of the higher! Parts of the which the Fluids pafs it. over-tenfe, or too
Blood. The vifible Changes that happened lax, the Motion of the Humours will be
beyond thefe are generally Matter of Sur- promoted or retarded thereby. For in cafes
prize, and not Inllrudion to them, and are of Overtenfion of the Veftels, the Preflure
ufually the Objects of their Wonder, not of the Fluids will, by the Reftitution or
Judgment j which it is not to our prelent Elaflici. Return of their I'arietes, be reverbe-
Purpofe toprolecute here, it being lufhcient rated with greater Strength, and confequently
to have given a Hint to the Judicious In- a greater Motion will thereby be imprefs'd-
quirer, who we pretend not lo much to upon them, and the Celerity of itencreafed
inform as to excite. in proportion. But in a Relaxation 02*
There are other Diforders in the Blood, Atonia of the fame Veflels, the Expanfion of-
which do not originally fpring from any the Fluids, towards which they have a perpe-
dyfcrafy or undue Mixture of its Elements, petual Tendency from Caufes already men-
but from an Alteration in the Motion ; fuch tioned, will neceffarily be gieater from the
as ah Augmentation or Diminution of the De« yielding of the VelTels, but the ProgrefTive
gree of Velocity in the Progrejftve Motion, will lofe fome of its Celerity, for want of"
or the fame Changes in the Degree of the the ReperculTion of their Sides upon the
Expanfve, by which fupernatural Fcrmenta- Fluids, as it does in the Veins; wrhich Re-
lions are induced, or the nectflary ones folution of the Tom of the Solids may be
damp'd and check'd, and the Progrcfs of the one Caufe of thole Symptoms which con-
Blood too much hurried or retarded, which ftantly attend Epilepfies, and other Spafmodie
depend upon various Caules, very different Dilfempers.
from one another : As fometimes oi#Matters The Blood thus varioufly compounded and
taken in ab extra, as in Fevers and other circuinltantiated, vifits even the minuteft
Dilorders occafion'd by Surfeits, Debauches, Part of the Body by Means of the circula-
or Drugs ; fometimes by too violent Exer- tive Motion ; of the Impulfe and Caufes of
cije, or catching Colds : At other Times, by which, and the PafTages through which ic
iome latent Malignity, or Indifpofition of is perform'd, an Account has been already
the Air ; from whence proceed Epidemical given, which needs no Repetition here. In
Difeafes, and very often by lotne vicious this Round, thole Particles of the Blood
peccant Humours generated in the Body it which conform beft to the Figure and Stru-
ielf, and reafTumed into the Blood ■ which 6ture of the Parts through which they pals,,
are too many to be enumerated here, with- are appofited to them, either for their Aug-
out entering into a Detail of almod all the mentation, which is calfd Accretion, or for
Difeafes of the Blood. In this Sort of Dilor- the Reparation of fuch, as by the Confiancy
ders the Spirits are too often acculed, which and Rapidity of the Circulatory Motion of '
5$ ib convenient a Shift, and lo fitted to be the Blood mufi needs be worn off from,
uled on all Occafions, that it is grown al- them.
molt the common Ajylum of all Baffled About the Matter from whence this Nou~
Reajoners ; who, when they are puzzled, rifhment is derived, great Contefts have
need do no more than lay the Fault Upon arilen amonglt Phyftcians and Anatomijls, in
the Spirits, and the i ifficulty is over without which this only hag been a Point agreed
any Trouble, for they are always at Hand upon by common Content ; That among
to bear the Blame: But this is explaining the various Humours of the Body, thefe waV
Obfcurum per Objcurius, till fome Body or one peculiar deliined and contrived for that
other gives us better Demonftration of their Office, but which that is has been the Dif--
Exittence, Nature and Operations, than our pute. In which, they feem to have fhewrj
Ignorance and Want of fomething to fill more Reading, L«arning and Subtilty, than-
their Place, and flop a Gap in our Philolb- true undemanding of the Point ihQueftion, .
phy, have done. Some have contended for a Nutriciou3 June.
The Solids likcwife have their Share in the to be convey d throughthe Nerves, inwhichi
diiorderly Motions of the Blood -3 for accord- ibme great Meu of our own Country, have •
$ Bibliotheca
been the Principal Mifleaders. Some have let up the Lympha; other?, the 'Chyle, as the Univerjal Succus Alibjlis. Some have appointed the Serum or Albumen of the Blood, which is nothing elfe but the Lympha, for that Office, which others affign to the Crajfamentum. And there are fomc, who out of feveral Elementary Parts of each, or all thefe, make various Combinations, ac- cording to their own Fancies; from whence they have form'd an almoft innumerable Va- riety of Hypothefes : All of them carrying feeming Probability, yet none of Con- vidion; at Jeaft not tome. The Reafon of this Mifcarriage of fo many great Wits, feems not to be any Want in them of Quali- fications lufticient for fuch Inquiries, but that the Matter is in its own Nature not precifely determinable.
However, all thefe, "except they who 'bring a Nutritious Juice through the Nerves, agree that the Blood is the Vehicle that con- veys the Alimentary Parts through all the Body, whatfoever they may be, and whence- fbever derived. But perhaps upon the Score of its Heterogeneity, or Compofition of dif- ferent Elements, they did not make that it felf the Nutritious Fluid without retraining the Faculty of Nourifhing to fome particu- lar Parts of it ; as thinking the general Account too vague and indefinite. I muft confels, fays the ingenious. Drake, I think all thofc precife Determinations to be too .narrow and reftrain'd, and that the Blood in its largeft Acceptation, including all thole Parts which have been before defcribed as belonging to it, is fimple and homogeneous enough for the Purpofe of Nutrition: He conceives therefore, that all the luperficially different Parts, be they more or fewer than thofe we have already defcrib'd, which circulate together in the Veflels under the common Name of Blood, do contribute fomething either inftrumentally or mate- rially to the Augmentation or Reparation of the Parts through which they pais : But how much each precifely for his Share does ieparately contribute, he does not pretend to know, or affirm ; that the Liquor which we call Blood confifts precifely and exactly of fo many Elements, or Parts Simple in re- lation to Senie, and our Analyfis of it, aud -exactly no more.
Anatomica,
Therefore, before we proceed to lay dowa this Author's Notion of Nutrition, it will be nccelTary to fay fomething concerning Sanguification, another Point which has beea very much canvafled among the Learned but with as little Fruit and Satisfaction as the former : We (hall not therefore trouble the Reader with the Dilcuffion of fuch barren and ufelefs Queftions, as whether the Liver, the Heart or the Blood, &c. fanguify which ferve rather to try the Wit and In- vention of young Students, than to inform their judgments. By Sanguification, is gene- rally underftood the Ajjimilation of the Chyle into Blood, which is fuppoled to be compleat, when the whole circulating Mafs is faturated* with a high Red Colour, and upon Phlebotomy feparates in the Bafon into a Red Crafifamen- turn, and an Amber-colour d Serum only, without any White Matter floating loofe on the Surface, as the Cl)yle before perfect Ajji- milation will do.
The Phyficians of the laft Age, upon the Introduction and Reception of Chymifiry, fufpecling almoft every Thing to be done by Ferments, and among the reft Sanguifica- tion, were therefore very Solicitous to cir- cumfcribe and fix it to the proper Ojficina, where they fuppofed this Ferment was pre- pared, or at^ leaft to be found ; and great Difputes there were among them about it. Hence the Liver and the Spleen had fome- times their Triumphs, fometimes their Obfe- quies fang, as a frelh Champion or Adverfary arofe for or againft their Caufe ; But con- ceiving the Notion of fuch Sort of Ferment: are almoft deftroy'd, we (hall not trouble, the Reader here with them, till we come to treat of Fermentation and Digeftion diftinct- ly ; neither fhall we difturb the Afhes of the Plaftick Powers and Faculties of the Ancients, long fince deceafed, fince no Body is in Danger of reviving thele Doctrines again with any Profpeft of Succefs.
Of Sanguification, we may admit Two De- grees: The Firft of which amounts to no more than a Confufion, or fuch an intimate Mixture of Parts, as luffices lb to confound the different Colour of Liquors, as that the Whitenefs of the Chyle Ilia 11 be fo loft, or drown'd in the Red Colour of the Blood, as never more to appear again in its own Shape and Colour; to which how many Circula- I uons
Medicdy Cbir
tions are neceflary it is hard to determine : However, he that confiders the feveral Mo- tions as well inttfiine as progrejjive, will eafily allow them fufficient to produce fuch a Mixture in no long Time.
The Second Degree of Sanguification is, when the Parts of the Chyle are lb exalted or communicated, and fubtiliz'd, as to lofe intirely the former Tendency to a Coagulatory Separation, fuch as in Chyle and Milk they have in the fpontaneous Separation, or curd- ling of which latter there is a Concurrence of a manifeft Acid, which in the Separation of the Parts of Blood is never found, nor even in the mod: Morbid Cafe.
We have mention'd but Two Stages or Degrees of Sanguification ; one while the Mixture is grols and confuler'd only, and the other when the Parts are communicated and united, which feems to give us a fufficient Idea of perfect Blood, though there may be, and undoubtedly are, feveral Steps or De- grees between thele, which we neither need nor indeed are diflinguilh'd by any fufficient Tokens, for want of knowing how many Circulations are neceflary to make a percep- tible Alteration in the aggregate Mai's, flowever, there is a farther Degree, in which the Parts are yet more exalted and fubtiliz'd ; but this being beyond what is Salutary, I account the Sanguification perfect without it. This latter is that State in which the Fibre's and Filaments of the Blood are fo broken and blended with the Aqueous Parts, as not to be again feparable from them, whicfi therefore may be efteem'd a Morbid Sanguification, fuch as happens in Peftilential and other Fevers; which are attended with Bloody Sneat, Urine, Spots, &c. and in which the Blood will not fcparate when cool, tho' out of the Body.
All thele Degrees, whether imperfect, per- fect or Morbid, are procured by reiterated Circulations, in which as well the Intejline as Progrejfive Motion confpires to the effecting the Mixture and Comminution of the Ad- ventitious Parts, and undoubtedly have their Hated Period, in which they arrive at Perfection-, though where precifeJy to fix that, is unknown to us ; but that it is fb is plain, by the Crudity of the Chyle, which may be found by letting Blood after a full Meal, in which the Chyle will appear dirtinc!
irgica, (?c» $
after many repeated Circulations, and by the too great Fluidity or over-intimate Mix- ture which appears in that State, which we call the Morbid Sanguification ; in which there is undoubtedly the concurrence of fome collateral Caufe, befides the natural Motions of the Blood, becaufe it is found in fome peculiar Di (tempers only, though there may be many Degrees of Excefs of Exalta- tion beyond the due State before it arrives at that infeparable Pitch of Fluidity, which manifefts it felf plainly to us ; but being unheeded, and perhaps not cognizable by any vifible Token, we cannot account di- ftinctly for them. It would indeed be of very great Service towards the Cure of Di- ftempers, if fuch adequate Trials could be invented as might difcover the feveral Gra- dations towards or beyond falutary Sanguifi- cation : But thefe being yet unvented, muft be left to future Induftry and Sagacity.
By this Account of Sanguification, how- ever rude and unaccurate, it will be obvious to any confidering Perfon, that the fame Difficulties that occur in fettling the difiin<5t Steps of Sanguification, are to be met with in Nutrition alio : For whatever the Nutritious Particles may be, it is plain that from the fill) Admiflion of the Chyle into the Blood, their Motion is confounded with the Motion of the Blood, and conformable to it, and consequently that no dilUn&er Account can be given.
Whatfoever Notions therefore Speculative Men may advance about the diltindi and gradual Motions of the Nutritious Matter, and whatlbever Diftributions they are pleaied to make of this Sort of Matter to one Fart, and that to another, they exift in Imagina- tion : For as the nutritious Juice or Juices are mix'd, and circulate with the Blood through all the Parts of the Body, all that we can diftinctly conceive of them is, that as the Excremcntitious Parts are in their Paflage feparated into fpecifically diftincl: Fluids, by Means of Glands, whofe Pores are adapted to receive fuch Particles only as when they come together make luch a pecu- liar Species of Fluid as the Urine, which is feparated by the Kidneys, the Bile by the Liver, and tire Saliva by the Glands about the Mouth, &c. So we may conclude with- out offering Violence to Reafon, or ftrain- C ing
i (5 Bibliothec
ing Inferences, that the Pores of the Parts to be nourifh'd arc fo figured and form'd as to retain thofc peculiar Particles which con- form belt to them. But we cannot with any Foundation pretend to tell what fort of Particles each Part retains, unlefs we knew diftin£fly likewife how the Pores of thole Parts were difpos'd, and could tell precilely what Parts they, were capable of receiving, and what only; which is a De- gree of Knowledge we may doubt whether any Man has ever yet arriv'd at.
The Analyfis of the Parts do indeed give us fome grois Idea of the Materials whereof they were compounded, if we fuppofe that the Bodies which we lep.ua te pre-exiHed in the Body 5 which are comparatively fo very foft, ihoi.ld endure fo conftant and lb vio- lent a Flux of Humours without Decay. In young Bodies, where the Veffels are much tenderer, not only the Sides are arapliated by this expanfive Motion, and their Di- lrienfions that Way encreas'd, by receiving more than they lole, but by the Progrejfive Motion which naturally and ftrongly pulhes forward, and would not return but for the Bar and Check which they receive at the Ex- tremities of the Veffels, the containing Parts are gradually ftretch'd out in Length, and by the Matter which infinuates it felf every where into the Pores, are hindered from re- turning exactly to their firft Dimenfions, by which Means they infenfibly vegetate or grow ; which they continue to do, till the lupporting Partsr the Bones, growing by Degrees rigid and firm, admit of no farther Extenfion, and thereby put a flop to the farther Growth of the more flexile and yield- ing Parts, which are tied to and limited by them.
- Thus the Dimenfions of the Body, as to Lengthy are circumlcrib'd to that precife Stature which it had at the Time when the Bones firft acquired that unyielding Rigi- dity. And thefe Dimenfions every Limb maintains during the reft of Life, unlefs by Accident a Bone be broken, or by any Di- ftemper foftned again and render'd pliant ; in which Cafe the other Parts follow the Figure and Dimenfion of the 43one. As when it happens that the fraclured Parts of a broken Bone are not right iy put together
a Anatomica,
again, as it often falls out in the Bone of the Thigh ; where the under Part not being brought to correfpond rightly with the upper, the Weight of the Body making the upper bear downwards, they flip along each other, and the Leg is thereby fhortcned. The lame Thing happens without a Change of Dimenfion of the Bones themftlves, if the Head of the Thigh Bone be turn'd out of its Sucket in the IJcbitm ; in which Cafe the Weight of the ! ody makes the Trunk bear downward0, and the Flefh yielding for the Head of the Bone to file, the Leg appears fhortcned..
What it is that determines the yielding of the Bones to a ftated Time, pretty nearly agreeing aimoft always in all Perfons, is hard to tell. All that appears certain in it is, that this Rigidity of the Parts comes on gradually, and that from our rirft Concep- tion to that Time, the Encreafe is by De- grees lefs and Ids every Year; perhaps every Month, every Day, were we. able to adjuft our Oblervations lb nicely as to calculate it. We may be lenfible that many Times the Growth receives a Check from lome con- tingent Circumftances, of which we are not aware, and returns again when they ceafe, though infenfiWy to us. In Difeafes we are indeed aware of this fometimes, and think we know what to impute it to, tho" even that we cannot do precilely. But it is not the lolid Parts only that are tenderer in young Animals than in growing ones, but the Fluids themlelves are much more foft, and, as it were, giumous, 3s we find by that Juice which we call the Gravy, which the younger the Meat, the more Gelatinous it is.
Thefe feems to fhew, that from whatever Element they are deriv'd, or however com- pounded, the nutritious Parts are Fil/ro.is, Soft and Gelatinous ; and that conlequently the lefs they are comminuted and lubtiliz'd, the fitter they are for Noui ifhment. Hence it comes, that the Blood of Children having undergone few Circulations, in proportion to grown Perlons, is in the lame Proportion more nutritious, and the Parts which are form'd out of it more foft, flexible and yielding ; which loftens by length of Time and repeated Circulations, the Fluids, as
well
Medica, Ch
well as Solid?, gradually lofe, till the lat- ter refitting the Impullcs of the Blood, a Stop is put to their Growth.
From hence alio vve may conclude, Th.it Bones are form'd out of the moll comminu- ted or broken Parts of the Blood, fince we lee that the Blood of old Men, which by a long Couri'e of Gradation, becomes in a Manner unfit for the common Courie of Nutrition, will however generate Bones, and convert into that fort of Subftance many of the Tendons and Ligaments, and even the Coats of the Veflels themfelves, whole Sub- fiance being next to the Bones, the molt com- pact, admits only of the iinallefi Parti' cles of the Blood, which therefore foonenY become Ofleous, as they are frequently found.
This Theory may furnifh us with a reafon- abie Solution of that Problem which Dr. Sy- denham propounds as unanfwerable, and as an Argument againft the Ule of 1 heory in Phyfwk, why a Horle or any other Animal arrives at his Acme, meaning his full Strength and Vigour, at a determinate Age ; for tho' we cannot tell by what Proportions and De- .grees this Softnefs, both of the Humours and folic! Parts, wears off, yet we find that, it gradually does fo, and that all Sorts of Animals have a ftated Period of Time in which the Circulations have reduced the Solids to flicK a State of Refifiance, as to admit no longer of a Vegetative Encreafe ; and that gradually as this Vegetation de- clines, the Strength encreafes, which de- pends upon the Refifiance that the Solids make, to the Fluids-, in which confifis the Strength of the Mujcles. For the Action or Force of a Mujcle confifiing in the Refi- fiance, which the Mufcular Fibres make to the EfTerveicence of the Blood, or other Fluid included in the Belly of the Mujcle, the Animal is then firongeft, or in his greatefi Vigour, when his Mulcles are able to make the ftoutefi Refifiance ; which is, when they will no longer admit of a permanent Difiention, that is, when they have done growing.
irurgica, i$c. 1 1
It may be objected, That the Refifimce of the Veflels is yet greater in aged Perfons, and that according to this Theory it mult be fo ; which notwithstanding is attended with Stiffnefs, want of Strength, Vigour airtl Heat, which is confefs'd. But thele Things depending upon the mutual Action or Reaction of the Fluids and Solids iipon each other, as the folid Parts grow Stubborn and unyielding to the Impreflion of the Fluids, lo they lofe their Elafitcity or Fa- culty of Refilition or Reltitution, by which the Motion of the Blood it felf w.is invi- gorated and promoted ; and by this Rigi- dity of the Vellels the Blood is reduced to a meer Circulatory Motion, fuch as is imprefs'd by the Impulle of the Heart only, without any Room for the Expanfive, upon which all the vital Actions depend, as much at leaft as upon the Progrcjfive, though boihi be indifpenlably necefTary.
But befides this Indifpofition of the Vef- fels, which from the "Theory laid down un- avoidably attends Age, the Humours them- felves by long Attenuation grow fo mucli aflimilated or homogeneous, that the Fer- mentation or neccfl'ary expanfive Motion is but ill maintain'd ; through which Defect, together with that of the Veflels, the Cir- culation it felf languishes, and all the vital Faculties gradually decay with it, till if no Accident lupervenes to haften Death, which a little one in thefe CircumStances will do, Nature it felf fails, and they drop like over- ripe Fruit, as it were lpontaneoufly, and of Courfe into the Grave.
This Theory, as little able as we ar.e to be precife and exact in it, will enable us. to account for more Phenomena, and is capable of more Improvements than any drawn from particular Humours, without any Force upon Nature, and running into Sup- pofitions, not warranted by the Mechanilin of the Body. For if it be true, it fuggefis a Way of preferving our felves longer than ordinary, if regular and early Cure were taken : Of which we lhall Ipeak larger hereafter.
C z Of
12
Bibliotheca Anatomic a ,
Of the Nature of Fluidity, how Fluids agree, and that Blood is like other Fluids ; with an Account of what is l^nown of that Liquor. From PaxtonV Spe- cimen Phyfico-Medicum.
'Aving already obferved (fays the Au- thor) what a Variety of Fluids are naturally contained in a Humane Bo- dy, before I delccnd to treat of them in par- ticular, it may not be improper to prcmife fomewhat of their Natures in general.
1 1 is certain, the Fluidity of Subltances is not founded in any Size or Shape of the con- stituent Particles, but purely and only in their continued Motion, by reafon Bodies are not denominated Fluids from any Quali- ties, Powers or Operations, but from the continued Motion, and Want of Union of their Parts ; for whcnfoever that Motion ceales, and the Particles unite or adhere, they lofe their Denomination. This conti- nued Motion of the Particles of a Fluid muft naturally produce a Variety of Chan- ges and Alterations in the Qualities of fuch Fluids, that confilt of Particles different in Size, unlike in Figure, and unequal in Mo- tion; becaufe Particles that bear no Simili- tude to each other, promifcuoufly moving and roving, muft neceilarily, by reafon of their Unlikenefs, meet, (trike, julile and hin- der each other; by which their Motions or Determinations being alter 'd, the Pofitions and Habitudes they bear to each other change, and of Confequence the Qualities, that are only the Effects of fuch Habitudes and Pofitions. It is from this Reafon that all the Juices exprefs'd from Plants or Fruits, all ftrong Infufions, all new Worts or Beer, all Cyders, Perry, and new Wines, which plainly, even to the naketl Eye, betray the Diverfjty of their Parts manifeftly, 311110' gradually, change all their Qualities ; for from being turbid and opack, they be- come clear and tranfparent; from being fweet and naufeous, they grow pkafant and
delicious ; from being flat and heavy, they arife to be light and fpirituous. However, they evidently alter, although not always to the Pleafure and Advantage of our Senfes, in all their Qualities.
Whereas Fluids confirming of homogeneous and uniform Parts, cannot undergo fuch Changes, by reafon notwithftanding fuch Particles continually move and change Pla- ces, yet being equal and uniform, that Mo- tion produces no fenfible Variation in the Texture of the Liquor ; and from hence it is, that the more uniform and homogeneous the Parts of a Fluid are, the longer it conti- nues without a fenfible Alteration in its Qualities, as may be obferved in Quiclfilver^ in divers diftilled Oils, Waters, Spirits, Sic. in Wines, Beers, and other ftrong Liquors, after they are perfectly fined.
This Confideration of the inteftine Mo- tion of the Particles of all Fluids, will eafi- ly let us into the Myftery of that Action or Operation of Liquors that is termed their Fermentation ; for that Term is ufed to de- note fome as yet unexplained Power, that is fuppofed to refide in fome Liquors, by which they alter their Natures, and for the moft part defalcate and refine themfelves, which in Truth appears to be no more than what we in plain EnglijJ) call the Working of the Liquor ; and all fuch Liquors that are expe- rienced to have a Tendency to alter their Qualities, are termed Fermentative Liquors : But although the Word is orderly confined to fignify fuch Liquors only as are daily ob- ferved to undergo Changes, viz,, luch as Beer, Ale, Cyder, fome Wines, &c. yet it is plain, it may with equal Reafon be extended to all Liquors that are not entirely uniform and bomogemottij by reafon all fuch are pre- pared
Wledica, Chirurgicay &c. 13
pared to undergo the fame or like Changes, lurking in its Chryftalline Bofom, which, although not being fo much in Uie, they before they can be entirely divorced, will fo are not fo much obferv'd ; for that A6tiou taint and Main that harmlefs and Virgin Li- or Operation that in the above-recited we quor, as to make it loathfome to the Smell, dignify with the Title of Fermentation, is not and ungrateful to the Palate. It is true, any Thing different or di(lin<5t from that thefe Changes in Liquors confiding of molt Motion that is infeparable from the Parti- uniform Parts, appear comparatively lb very cles of all Fluids, but is really that very Mo- inconfiderable as to pafs often unobferv'd.' tion which only acquires this new Denomi- It may perhaps be thought, that what I nation when it becomes vifible ; for by the have here faid of the general Nature of Means of this Motion, fuch Parts in Liquors Fluids can be to little Purpofe, fince I have that haw the fame Tendency, the lame Size, already declared, that the principal Defign the fame Figure, mull nece'ffarily congregate herein is to enquire into the Nature of Dif- and herd together,becaufe they agree in every eafes, which can relate to fuch only that are Thing; whillt others in the fame Liquor, contained in our own Bodies, which are that are neither under the fame Degrees of widely different in moft of their Qualities, Motion, nor have the fame Determinations, not only from thole I have inllanced in, but nor the like Magnitudes, nor Shapes, mult from all others that exilt without an anima- as naturally be drove out and expelled, be- ted Body ; and efpecially when I have al- caule they thus differ in every Thing : And ready proved, that we have no Means where- as this interline Motion in fuch heteroge- by to learn the Natures of particular Sub- neous Liquors is calfd their Defpwtation, lb fiances, but by applying our felves to fuch this Defpumation, which is only the Sepa- for our Information. To which I anfwer, ration or Expulfion of the grofs, unlike and That altho' I acknowledge we can have no difagreeable Parts, always may be obferved Certainty of the Natures of Corporeal Be- to fucceed according to the different Degrees ings without Revelation, but as we are of Motion in the minute Parts of the Li- taught from them who are only able to re- quor. veal their own Natures, yet Analogy in Such Fluids, which, by reafon of the fuch Things that are without the Reach of Brisknefs of the Motion of their minute our Senfes, is the only Means we have to re- Parts, do ufually (in no very long Time) re- gulate our GuefTes ; and in the prefent Cafe, fine or defpumate themfelves, do very fre- I have only us'd Inflances for fuch Ends as quently acquire a manifeft Degree of Heat, meerly refpect that Part only of the Nature which gradually vahifhes as the Liquor fines, of Fluids which is common to all luch as but may be continued by a frequent AfFu- are feated in our Bodies, as well as fuch as fion of frefh unrefined Liquor ; and this are without it ; for as to other Qualities, Observation perhaps may yield us no impro- Powers, Efficacies, Aclions or Operations, bable Hints for the natural Reafon of the which are many and great, wherein there Continuance of that Warmth that is conge- appears no Agreement, I pretend not by fuch nite to the Blood of Animals. However, fo much as to illultrate. waving that, I am inclined to think, from a But the better to explain what I mean, it due Confideration of the certain Nature of will be convenient to remind my Reader, Fluidity, and from Obfervations made upon that there are always contained in the Body feveral particular Bodies, that there are but of Man common and appropriate Juices, and few Liquors but will fooner or later under- that of the full of thele there are two Sorts, go fome Change by the Means of this Mo- viz,. Blood, and Spirits; and that the Blood is tion, that is, but will throw off fome Parts the Source, from whence not only all the ap- that are not precifely uniform, and thereby propriate Juices, LjLit even the Spirit?, are le- undergo Changes. in their Qualities ; I fay parated. In order then to fhew that what anot all, becaufe Quiclfilver, and fome Bodies hath been here faid is applicable to what I drawn by Dillillation, feem to admit of an defign, it is incumbent upon me to prove, Exception. The purelt Water will, if kept, that the Fluids within us do in fome Things plainly difcover fome diffimilar Particles agree with thofe without us; and that the
Blood,
3 4 Bibliothect
"Blood, like fomc of them, is compounded and made up of very differing, dilliinilar and unlike Parts, and therefore is naturally fermenting, that is, endeavouring^ by the inteftine Motion of its minute Parts, to puri- fy and defpumate it felf • that is, the homo- geneous and uniform Parts do naturally tend to congregate and come together, and by that repel and drive out the heteroge- neous and unlike, which will appear feveul Ways.
Firft, In that it is daily made and conti- nually fupply'd by particular Subffances we eat and drmk, which partake of very diffe- rent Qua I i ties.
Secondly, By the great Variety of proper Juices feparated from it.
Thirdly, By its yielding Nourifhment, me- diately or immediately, to lo many unlike confident Parts.
Fourthly, And certainly from the imme- diate Confederation of it, when drawn out of its own Veffels, and nakedly expoled to our Examination ; for then it loon lo far dif- clofes its Nature, as to difcover to the unaf- fifted Eye, that it confilts of Parts that are not uniform or homogeneous, by reafon fome of them readily part, and plainly dif- clofe their unlike Qualities in different Co- Jours and Confiffencies.
And as the Blood is compounded of dif- fimilar Parts, fo it is naturally warm, and this Heat may be increased by fuch Sub- ftancc.e, as being received into the Stomach, do from thence pafs into the Blood. I need not produce many Inftances to confirm what every Man's Experience will teach him, that ftrong and vinous Liquors will warm ; and as the Blood may be preternatural Iy heated by what we eat and drink, fo it feems not altogether improbable, but that its natural Heat may be preferved that Way ; and what feems to confirm this Conjecture, is, that its Heat by Abitinence is ufually abated.
However, this is certain, as the Blood is compounded of very differing Parjs, fo it is always, by the Help of the Secretory Veffels, purging and purifying it felf: For notwith- ftanding fome of the Separations made from the Blood are really necefTary to the Life of the Animal, as appears particularly evident
Anatomic a,
by the Secretion of Spirits made by the Brain ; yet if we confider the Blood as a na- tural Subftanse, and fo acling by the fame La^ri U other natural Beings do, we mult conclude, that all luch Separations do pro- ceed from the Mechanical Affections of the Blood, ai d are therefore thrown out of the Mai? by the Help of thele VefTefv bcaufc they arc not homogeneous ro it ■ lo that the Blood really fines and purifies it felf, nor- wuhilniding the Life of the Animal could not be continued, unlefs the Blood^lid make tr-efe Separations.
By thefe Obfervation?, it appears that the Blood agrees with other Fluids of diffimilar Parts, in that, like fome of them, it heats, and like all of them, it purges, purifier cr fines it felf; that is, that it naturally part-, feparates or divides from lbme disagreeing' Parts by Means of the Secretory fcfeis. But in the Continuance and Manner of doing this, it differs extremely from other Fluids; for its Native Heat is as lalting as the Ani- mal Life, although not always equal, and its Defpumation is by the Secretory Veffels ; becaufe not being like other Liquors left to it felf to proceed in its own Way, by rea- fon it is perpetually whirled about by the Circulatory Motion, nor not being contained in Veffels capacious enough to fine it lelf, as they do, it can only perform it by thele' Veffels. As to what perhaps may be made an Objection by fome, that Heat i» not ef- fential to Life, nor to the Blood, or at leaff to that Juice that is analogous to Blood, as appears by what we may obferve in exlan- guine Creatures, feems to me to carry no Weight ; for Heat, if confider'd as a fuifible Quality, only bears a Relation to our Sen- fes ; but if confider'd Phyfically in the Sub- ject, is only Motion ; fo that no Fluid can be abfolutely cold, that is, depiiv'd of all internal Motion. Befides, we may obferve feveral Liquors to fine themfelves; where there is no Perception of Heat, and where " they are contained but inimall Quality, it is leldom felt.
Health, (fays the fame Author) the more I confider it, the lefs I uhderfhnd to define it, which brings into my Mind that Saying of one of the Fathers, although Ipoke upon a very different Occafion, Si Nemo ex n:e quaratj fcio • ft Qu&renti explicare velim, ne-
Medica, C
fcio. Every one's own Experience will in- form what Health is, and his Complaints will declare to others what it is not. Some- thing it is that we always lament when we want, and yet do not value when we enjoy. In its Ablence it is prized as the greateft of Bleffmgs, valued as a Heaven here below, or an Earthly Paradife; without it even Life is contemned, and Death defired, becaufe to live then is but Pain, and to move is but Mifery;
Sickuefs or Difeafes are but the Reverfe to Health, and are only fome unnatural Chan- ges in the Body of Man ; for when a Man is fick, difealed, diforder'd in Pain, or any Ways ill affected, it is certain he is alter 'd and chang'd from what he was in Health, becaufe he is not then as he was before ; and all Changes and Alterations, whether in our own, or in other Bodies, if naturally performed, are by Fluids, by reafon a con- fident Body, as i'uch, mult unalterably re- main in a fettled State, uulefs it is alter'd or fheltefd by a Fluid.
But becaufe there is a Variety of Fluids in a Humane Body, there may be fome DilH- culty to difcover in which Difeafes lodge, unlefs we firlt enquire into their Natures. It is certain, fome Difeafes are as diffufive as our Bodies, there being no Part that is exempt from their Tyranny ; and fuch there- fore require' a Subject as excenfive, and are therefore derived from one of the common Fluids ■ whillt others are of a narrower Com- pafs, being limited to a particular Region, and fo are either produced by fome preter- natural Separation depofued in iuch Part, or by fome Fault in an appropriate juice. How- ever, fiiice all Juices, whether natural or piaternaiural, are derived from the Blood, 1 fhall treat of it, as being in Nature prior, betore I examine into them.
But by realon'tbe oiher common Fluid, the Spirits, ieem to be diftuled equally through- out the whole Man, there may be fome Dif- ficulty to dilcover from which of thele two fome of thele general Dileales do proceed, unlets we can firit cftablifh ^Criterion where- by to diltinguifh between them. To do this, we mult have Recourle to Experience and Oblcrvations, for it is from them only we can be inform'd ; and by them we are plainly taught, that all natural and prater- 3
birurgica, &c. 3 5
natural Separations, the Repair of all the folid and confident Tarts, all natural .md prater na- tural Heat, are fome Ways derived from, or appertain to, the Blood ; and that the Spi- rits are the only Inftruments of all Senfation and Organical Motion. Thefe are Truths now fo univerfally known, that I think it fu- perfluous to go about prolixly to prove them ; wherefore I (La 11 briefly offer but thefe two general Obfervations : Firft, If the Blood be but hindred from patTmg into any particular Part, all thole above-named Effedts which I have obferved to be derived from the Blood, will be there entirely de- jtroy'd : And if the PaiTage of the Spirits into a Member is but intercepted, their pro- per Offices of Senfation and Organical Motion are immediately loff.
But firlt of the Blood, which hath been al- ready fhew'd to be compounded of different and unlike Parts, to be the Fountain from whence the other juices are dcriv'd, to have two Kinds of Motion, and to be contain. J in its own proper Vefkls. It remains now^ that we enquire what further is to be known of the Nature and Ufes of the Blood fo long as it was in our Veins. It is very evident, fo long as all the Parts of our Bodies regu- larly perform their feveral Offices, Functions and Operations, we enjoy an ablolute and entire Health, Health being only a Term to fignify the joint Performance of the Duty of every Part for the Benefit and Safety of the whole ; for whenfbever the life s or Functions of the Paris are impair'd or injur'd, the Body is faid to be fick ; and whenfbever entirely deftroy'd, dead : And as all Parts of the Bo- dy confpire and cooperate in their leveral Ways for the Good of the whole, fb any Part failing in its Duty, the whole fuffcrs ; however, the Part that is deficient, is only faid to be difealed. But notwithltanding every Pait of our Bodies hath its proper Ulc, yet all are not equally uleful for con- tinuing Life to the whole. The Blood is a Part io entirely uleful, that Life cannot be continued without it, and whenfoever this neceflaiy Portion of our Bodies alters and fails in its Offices, our Healths immediately impair. But notwithltanding the Health of our Bodies thus lufters by the Fault of the Blood, yet that Faultinefs appears only to us by the Means ©f its Functions and Ufes :
When.
Bibliotheca Anatomica,
there is fuch a Motion Three feveral Ways :
in
Separa-
\6
whenfoever then the Blood rightly perforins viz.. That although it hath been prov'd that all its Offices, it is certain the Blood then is there is a Motion amongft the minute Parts good, becaufe the Man is well, the Good- of a Fluid, and that there is fuch an one in uefs of the Blood being only a Relation to the Blood it (elf, after the Circulation is ceafed the Health of the Man. This Confidera- and that therefore it is reafonable to con- tion, methinks, alone fhews the Vanity of elude, that there is fuch an one during the that Uiagc of judging of the Purity or Circulation, yet that hath not been particu- Goodnefs of the Blood, by its Colour, larly prov'd. To remove then all Pretences Tatt or Confiftency, after Venefe&ion, be- to fuch an Objection, I fhall directly fhew caufe then the Relation betweeen that Blood and the Man is ceafed : For notwith- standing we may judge of the Goodnefs of the Blood by the Health of the Man, yet we cannot of the Health of the Man, by the Means of his detracted Blood.
The Difeafes of the Blood appear by the Vices and Faults of its FunSlions, UJes and Operations ; for the Blood it felf is contain'd and included in its own proper V-effels, and they are buried and cover'd with the com- mon Teguments of the Body ; fo that thefe VcfTels and Coverings interpofine, exclude us from any immediate Knowledge of this Fluid, fo long as it is thus contain'd, unlels what can be communicated by the Means of fuch VeiTels and Coverings, which can be but final 1, by reafon fuch interpofing Parts are crofs'd and opacons, and are only lubject to the Examination of one Senfe, viz. That of Touching and Feeling ; wherefore all the Knowledge we can obtain, of the State or Qualities of the Blood, during its Conti- nuance in our Veins, only extend to fuch Things as are difcoverable by this Senfe • and that can only relate to the Two differ- ing'Motions of the Blood, the one of which diicern'd by the Pulfe, the other by the Heat ; for it is evident there is nothing elfe, whilft it is in our Bodies, that can directly fall under our Examination. And in the due oblerving, confidering, weighing and comparing thele Two Things, viz,. The Mo- tions of the Blood, difcoverd by our Fingers, and its Separations by our other Faculties ; how they are in that State we call Natural and Healthful, with how they are in an unna- tural and unhealthy one, with the feveral . Circumtfances attending thefe, coafifts all . the Knowledge we can have of the Blood, and all the Changes and Difeaies feated there.
But here perhaps it may not be improper to obviate an Objection that may be made,
• 4
Firfi, By its Heat. Secondly, By its Inequality tion.
And Thirdly, and more immediately, from the Confideration of it when flowing out of its own Veflels, and received into another.
It is certain, our Blood, whiltt it runs in our Veins, is always warm, and it is as certain that Heat is only Motion j Bodies being hot or cold, as their Particles are more or lefs moved, and the Blood being warm, its Particles muft therefore be in Aiotion. By the Second it is evident, becaufe the or- dinary Secretions neither regularly anfwer to the Quantities or Qualities of what we eat or drink, nor to the Degrees of Motion in the Circulation, and therefore cannot directly depend upon either; and if there- fore not upon thefe, they naturally mull upon fome Motion of the Parts, becaufe no Alterations can be conceived in a natural Subftance, but by fome Motion. By the Third, this Motion appears even ad Oculum ; becaufe in EmifTion it ftreams out in divided " Parts, and the uniform and homogeneous run together, which they could not do without Motion ; and this Motion either muft have been antecedently in them, or muft have been acquir'd by their EmifTion j but it could not be the laft, becaufe by that they lofe their Motion, in that they grow cold, and therefore mult have been in them while running in our Veins.
Thefe Obfervations make it manifeft, that there is de jatlo amongft the Parts of the Blood, different and diltinct from that of the Circulation. Thefe Things thus premifed, it will follow, fo long as the Blood in Cir- culation is whirfd about in its proper Con- duits, by an equal and natural Motion to
all
MeJica, Cblrurgica, i&e. . i j
all Parts of the whole Body ; and fo long By what hath been Aid it may be con- alit is by a gentle and eafy Agitation of its eluded, that we can know nothing of the minute Parts, fo difpofed to fupply the fe- Nature, Properties, feeondary or lenfible veral Veflels adapted for Separation, with Qualitiesof tne Blood, or of any Separations their particular Juices, and all others with from it, made and lodged in the Body, by Nourishment. So long the Secretory Vef- any Information from other?, or by any View fe Is will perform their Offices, andthefolid taken by our lelves, of what is mad: or Parts will be repair'd : And lb long as thefe perform'd in our own Bodies, are thus regularly perform'd, fo long it is I /hall proceed now to examine what we apprehended there can be no difcernable Al- can in particular know by us Motions and terations in the Blood, and of Confequence Separations. The Motions, as I have prov'd, no Difeafe to be obferv'4 there, are Twofold ; the one of which is pnrely The Blood I conceive then hath, been al-' natural, as being common to all Fluids : It ready prov'd a Fluid compounded of very is not my Bufmels to enquire into the different and unlike Parts ; that it is con- Caufes of this, it being furncietit to my ftantly moving, hourly feparating, and Purpofe that it is fo ; by the Means of this, daily receiving frefh Supplies ; but as to if left to its felf uudillurb'd, it will part any of its Properties, Powers, iecondary or and divide intofuch Parts as teems agreeable fenfible Qualities, it being fo included in among- themfelves, although unlike to each the confident Organical Parts, that it can- other ; z% is manifeft, when extracted out of not immediately operate upon us; we mult, our Vein?, in that it gradually runs into as I fuppofe, without Revelation for ever Strum, and more conhlieiit Parts. The remain in iettled Ignorance. But there be- other is its Circulatory or Animal Motion, ing feverai Symptoms complained of in the in which it feems only paiTive, being inv Body of Man, that feem to be deriv'd from pel I'd and drove about the Body by the Mo- fome Change in the Blood, which cannot be tions of the Heart and f^rjjels ; and this is difcover'd by either of the Two formerly probable what prelerves it in its genuine mentioned Ways, I mean its Motions or its Mixture and Crafts, by realon when it is Separations, it will behove me to examine removed out of the Power of this Motion, what they are, or how they can be effected; it foon breaks, parts and divides, thi fnm- for thefe confifting in fuch Affedtions as are lar and agreeable Parts herding and afio- not outwardly to be difcover'd by us, can dating together by vertue of their own lia- ble only learnt from the Information of the tural Motion j whereas by tins it is hin- Difeafed; and may be comprehended under dered from lb dividing, and preierved if! what we call either Pains, Sickncfs, Un- one continued Mafs; for the Btood^bcing eafinefs, Faintings or Weajcnefs, and their made out of different SubHance's, arid its feverai Degrees: Thefe I take to be the prin- Parts continually moving, would naturally, cipal Symptoms that may be lome Way if left to it ielf, run into different Parts : caufed by the Blood, and can only be taken And therefore' the Mixture and Union of its from the Mouth of the affected Perlon. Parts, are in proportion, to theQuicknc's or And yet even thefe, although they may be Slownels of its Circulation ; for which caifed bytke Faults in the Blood, yet the Realon it is, that the more vehement it cir- Difealed only perceives them by the Help of eulates, the leis it fepautes, and the flower the Nerves; for the Blood being vitiated, it moves the more : And it is from this Rea- and fo altered, muft of Courfe differently fon that fainting and expiring Perfons lo aftecSt the Nerves in its Circulation; by frequently fall into Colliquative Sweats. * which the Spirits being diffurbed, uneafy But notwithstanding lo very differing Ef- Perceptions are produced, which are diftin- fedts arile from thefe Two Motious of the guifh'd by thefe Names: However, theUn- Blood, as that its Mixture is to be preierved dei ftanding knows nothing of the Caufes by one, and injured by the other ; yet there by which thefe Perceptions are excited, and is a Sort of Confent and Agreement between therefore cannot communicate what it doth them for the prejeiving Life: For if the not know. , Natural Motion encreaies, by which the
D • Crafts
i§ • . Btbliotheca
Crafts would be endanger \], the Animal one is by that very Encreate awakened ; and the Circulation is intended, whereby the Mifchiefs from the fir A arc prevented, and as the A/.i- mal one is engreafed, the EfFecls of the other are leffen'd. However, this I think every one may by Experience I earn, that there is a Sort of Harmony, Confcnt or Agreement, between thefe Two Motion?, they mutually depending .upon each other; for the Animal or Circulatory Motion intended by thcNatu-. ral one, as appears in that the Pulje will be "TafFedted by ai-y Commotion in'the Blood, and may be oblervcd to be encreafed upon the Admiffion of the Alimentary juices into it : and the Natural mult be conitantly af- fected by the Animal one, as being diltur- bed by its continued Progrcffion.
But by reafen Circulation of lift Blood is perfotm'd by an Impulfe, it receives from the Organica! Parts, wi. The Heart and Arteries, whole Motions are not under the Guidance or Government of the Mind: It may perhaps beiulpected by fome, thatfuch are uncapablc of being iolicited into unna- tural Motion?, by realon they can perceive nothing of inch an Irritation ; befides, they feenung to depend upon the Mechanifm or Ditpofiuon of the Parts, adtuated only by conliant Influx of Spirits, they mult be as that is. I need not produce many Obfer- vations to remove this Objection, fmce it is io obvious in Purging and Vomiting, that leveral Farts of our Bodies may be irritated into Motion without our Knowledge ; and in Truth, all the Organs of our Bodies, whole Motions immediately contribute to Life, are always lo moved ; but what more particularly, aniwers this, that the Pulje al- ways encreafes upon the Reception cf the
Anatomica,
Alimentary Juices into the Blotd, as every one may experience, by obferving it a dire Time after Meals.
The Blood, notwithftanding its Crafts, is prelerved by the Circulation^ yet it is not by thaj hindered from defending it felf by the Secretory VtftAs, which arefo placed and fafhion'd as to receive the fuperftuous and unneceiTary Part?, whenioever fuch arc be- fitted to pals through thofe Ducts ; and when they are nor, they are fornctimes thrown upon other; Ruts.- When the Bi;oi thus rcfiiies it I'pK by the Secretory Pyjfils. which are by nature prepared for that Pur-, pole, its Performance is Natural ; but when by orher Ways, preternatural. The fir ft are for the Advantage and Safety of the Body, the laft ulually the Effect: of dilor- dcr'd Blood; both afford u,s fome Helps to judge of the Condition of the Source from whence they flow.
By what hath been obferved, 1 think it is evident, that the Blood is a H temg' neons Body, and that its Part? are in perpetual Fluxion, and that it incelTantly moves for- wards in its proper Conduits ; and rhatall the Knowledge we are capable of having of its different Conditions, is only by the Mfans of its Motions and Separations ; and that the Separations in great Meafure depend upon tiie Circulatory Motion : Such for the moft Part encreafmg and leffening in lbme Proportion, as that Motion leflens or intends, lb that the natural and healthful State of Blood leems to confift i/i a Mean between Two Extreams ; in one of which its regular Separations are hindered by the Violence of its Progreflaon ; in the other, they are enlarged by the Remilhefs of it.
Of
Medicay Cbirurgica, i$t.
Of the TSlood, mth federal Experiments made there* upon, by boiling ; the Addition of fever al mix >d Bo* dies, by the Microjcope and Chimical Analyfis. From Phil Verheyen, <?c.
SEveral Authors diftinguifh the Blood in- to what is ftridly fo called, and what is meant at large ; by the Blood in the extenfive Senfe, they mean the whole Mais, or that Fluid in general, as it flows in the Blood Feflels : Hence they divide it into the Blood ft r icily lb called, the Nutritious Bile, Fituit and Melancholy Aliment. The Blood in a co:,fin'd Senfe, is that red Portion of tbsTSangsiimQttt Mais, temperately hot and uadlft ;"tlie Nutritious Bile, is a thinner Part of the Mais of fi/W, tcmpcr*tely hot and dry : the Pituit, is a whiter and cruder Part of the -Sanguineous Mais, temperately cold and moiit ; the Nutritions Melancholy is a blocker Part, more grols, and of an Earthy Subfhnce, temperately cold and moift ; they likewile call the Bile, Pituit andmA/cLrnchuly, Alimentary, to diftinguifh them from an Excrementitious Humour of the fame De- nomination ; to wit, bom the Bile or Ga.ll, collected in the Liver, which is called Excre- mtntiiiotts, from the Mucus Snot in the Nole, Jhtfftines, a^d other Parts, from the Spfaile ziid that black juice lecretcd in the Spleen,aud that black Liquor in the Renes Succenttiri.iti, which iome call Excrcmentitious Melancholy.
As to the Blood, the natural Rednefs that appears in it, feems chiefly to depend on the Advantage of Relpiration, from an airy Sub- ltance twnlinittcd into that Mais through the Arteries, taken itsOrigine from the left Ventricle of the Heart; from whence, by the Artcru PultmnariA in the Lungs, it de- rives its. rubicund Colour, it being of a darker an,! black Tincture in the Right Ventricle, but puffing through the Lungs it obtains tint lpkndid Rcdnels; as is further {Hovul in trcatit e; of the Ule ol Refpira- tDon : i uttiif niiorc, that Blotid bjcj fig djf^wti
from the extream Parts, grows black, when expofed to the frefh Air, it lenbbly changes its'Cofour into a more florid Red, and that more or lefs, looner or Liter, according as the Blood is more or lels fubject to receive it, and the Air more impiegnated witii Matter, apt to ftrike l'uch a Tintlure. And if the Blood, when it is drawn from the Body, be Itirred with a Stick, lb that the whole Subliance of it be equally expolcd to the Air, there will appear no Blackncls amongli it, but the whole Mai's will be red, as weH as- that particular Part of its ftric'tly called Bind.
Our Surgeons, when they fee the Blood that is taken Uom the Body' black, com- monly pronounce it to be Aduft, nor that without lome Show of Realon ; fmce we oblerve not only Wood, but ieveral other lolid Bodies grow black with burning, but likewile Liquids, by a confiint and ltrong Boiling: as appears in Malt Liquors, and the Decoctions of molt. Herbs, and in the artificial boiling of Blood : From whence we may fuppole the Blood in a living Body, through too intenle a Heat, as~for Example, in a burning Fever contracts its Blacknefs ; in the mean Time, it is not a certain Sign that black Blood is adult, from what will hereafter follow, becaule the Blood will le- ceivc a Blackncls from the Mixture of Spi- rit of Vitriol, and other Things of the like Nature.
It is not therefore the making Power in thole Four Humours, as they are Hid to conltitute the Sanguineous Mafs, but it is better to confider the more iubtile and grols, the more volatile and fix'd Parts in the lame Mais, as they are more or lels concocted, ful- phurtous, la line, watry and earthy, and D 2 there-
20 Biblioiheca
therefore more fluid or (olid, alimentary or excrementitious, or more adapted to the Generation of Seed, or other Ufef; and that either fhnpid <sr tinged with a White, KeJj Black or Yellowj Colour. From hence we are apt to call the Blood, when of a Yellow Tincture, Bilious, whether the Matter tinged with that Yellownels be nu- tritious or txcr&tcfititfous : By the fame Rea- lon, the Mal>, when it appears crude and not much tinilured, fuch as is met with in Ca- chellical Patients, is ufually called Pituitous. So Perfbns, whole Blood is equally mix'd, are laid to be temperately Melancholy, Bi- lious-or Pituitous, and tl.oie whole Blood' \s very red, are called Sanguine. The Blood when drawn from the Vein and cooled in the Receiver, plainly fe pa rates into Two Parts ; to wit, into thick, coagulated and fluid Pans ; this, except it recedes much from its natural State, is of a high Colour, firlt Black, then Red, and fomctimcs co- vered with a whitilh Skin or Cruli, that is tough and like Size ; the other Part is fluid and limpid, frequently of a yellowilh Co- lour, or a little tinged with Red : Hence this is by lbme called the Serous Parts, and by o hers, the Strum of the Blood, though it differs much from pure Serum, as the le- veral Trials hereafter will demonltrate.
If the Blood frefh drawn from a Vein be fiiaked in the Veflel, or Ihrred with a Stick, jt dees rot only gain entirely a Red Colour, as was hinted before, but it preferves it longer fluid; nei.her does it eaftly feparate into Two Parts, like that which is kept ftill from the firlt Extradition ; from whence it i«y,iuanife(t, that the airy Particle? does not only augment the Rednels of the Blood, fe»t the Coagulation thereof, notiviihfiand- jriitbe confiant Fluidity thereof, cannot be leafonably afcribed to the Agitat on, fince undoubtedly that is greater in the Body, and the Particles more perfe6tly mix'd by the natural Motion. than that artificial Shaking, and yet when the Motion ceafe& it prefently coagulates. _
TAe Blood, though it remains" fluid by a flight Boiling, grows thick by intenle Heat, and. requires a brown Colour, like thai of the Lover boil'd, though it be con- •toually agitated, while it \> heating; frorn^ may. fufpe& th«. fame Thing.
Anatomica,
happens in a living Subject through intenfe Heat, as in a Burning Fever, Sec. So that it is not capable of being reduced to its natural State, or be able to fupport Life.
The more ferotis Part likewife grows thicker by boiling, which of its own Ac- cord fcparates or. divides it fe If from the groffer Part in the Receptacle, and acquires a Conliltence and Colour alTnod like the White of an Egg, by a moderate Degree of boiling: From whence we gather, that that Part is not altogether lo lerous as it appears to the Eye, and is commonly fuppofed, but that the greatcft Part of it is nutritious or alimentary.
The Blood is coagulated by the Addition of zn .Add, even in living Bodies, as hath been proved by Injections, and admits ofc various Colours, according to tho!e (hat are caff, into it : Hence, by""the Addition of Spirk of Nitre, it becomes of a darkifTi White, by that of Spirit of Vitriol, it grows Bhick, according to the. Strength of the Actd, but le(s*rntenlely ; by the Addition of Spirit of Salt it acquires a mix'd Colour, betwixt that of Spirit of Vitriol and Spirit of Nitre; to wit, a little klclinable to an Alh-coloured Yellow; by putting in Salt of Lead, the Blood grows thicker and paler, but not fo pJIe but that the Red prevails ; Vi- triol makes the- Blood of a dark, dirty A fh- co- lour; but Salt of Iron or Steel changes the Co- lour much lefs : Sea Salt and Nitre makes a d irkcolour'd Blood much rcdder,and in fane Meafiire hinders the Coagulation : fo Alkali- ous Salts perform the lame more chScacioufly..
I expoled fome Blood that was made Black, by the Audition of Spirit of Vitriol, toge- ther with fome tint lay in the Eottom of a Bafon, and was grown Black for want of Air; the Surface of this hit tum'd Red in about an Hour's Time, but the former held its Colour feveral Days. AncHxcauie Alkalious Salts defiroy Acility, therefore I had a Mind to try- whether they would turn the Black Colour Red again, and ac- cordingly upon the Spirit of Vmiol that had blackened the Blood, I poured lome. Liquor of fix'd Nitre, but without any re- markable Effect, though the exceeding Black- nefswent off a little, but there lucceeded a- Colour that was rather Greyifh than Red.
Fromi
From thefe and the like Trials, for I made abundance, we learn not prefently to infer, that becaufe the Blood is Black, therefore it is adult, or becaufe it is White or Pale,' therefore it is crude, fince the Humours preternaturally various are produced from various Caufes ; neither does it appear that theyare not like, which emulate the Nature or Spirit of Nitre or Vitriol,
We may learn from thefe Experiments, that though Acids agree in this, tint they coagulate the Blood, yst they produce other different Effects that. are very oppofite to each other ; for the Blood, as Did before, that- is tinged Black with Spirit of Vitriol, is made White by Spirit of Nitre ; neither is it to be doubted but thofe Things which give a great Alteration to the Colour, alfo give another Turn to, or much alter the Crafts of the Blood ; therefore I think, that thofe Things which powerfully change the Co- lour and Confiftency ought cautioufly to be made ufe of, although they may be reckon 'd among ft the Salubrious Medicine? ; for tho' they may be adminiftred, they ought not to be given with that Liberty : Therefore from hence we may oblerve, that where the I lo&d is too Black, to abftain from Spirit of Vi- triol ; ajid if any Acid is proper 10 be ad- miniftred, that we rather make ule of Spi, rit of Salt, or Nitre.
Neither is the Blood only liable to thefe Changes, but like wife that morejfwVf, lim- pid and glutinous Part, called the Serum of
. the Blood, which admits of different Co- lours and Confiliency from the Addition of different Bodies; for if to that Part we mix Spirit of Nitre or Alum, either burnt or ciude, it turns to a White Curd, but. eafier by the bare Addition of Alum,* which imkes the Curd harder*and tougher; but if it be much lingd, it will not be io white: The fame Thing happens by the Addition cf Salt of Leap, but much more imperfect, be- caufe the* Whitcncls is muddier, neither is the Mais fo thick, and the Precipitation is quicker. Spirit of Salt does not -coagulate or curdle ih'\$ Fluid, but make it more lim- pid, at leaft when the M ifs, as it common- ly happens, is ting'd with Red 5 for it de- ftroys their Colour, and icarce procures any
/other obfervable Change. Spirit of Vitriol makes the tinging -Particles much blacker,
MeJica, Cbirurgica, &C. 2 1
I made thefe Trials with Ox's f lood, which' I had ready at Hand; but afterwards I made Experiments upon the blood of Men who were in a" reafonable State of Health, in which I obferv'd no great Alterations, , only that the Red Part did not grow fo Black upon the Addition of the Spirit of Vitriol, and became lefs white with that of Spirit of Nitre ; and fo of the reft. I got that Part of Humane Blood called the Serum, that was pure, and not the leaft Redncfs in it, but a little yellow Tincture ; this by gentle boiling acquired a white Colour, and the Confjftency of the White of an Egg almoft hard boil'd; this would curdle by pouring upon it Alum, and grow Milkyby the. Addition of Spirit of Nitre, but would not become fo thick, as the like Part of the Blood of an Ox. I imputed this leffer Change of the Humane Blood to proceed . from "the greater Serofity thereof, and the lefs abounding of Nutriment, for the Ox's Blcod was taken from lean Feafts; for while they feed they eat much, but are not ufed to drink fo.much Lieiuor. Hence i made a Trial on my own Blood, and ob- lervcd the Alterations to be the fame as that in tire Blood of others. .
Thefe Things pre mi fed, wc ilia 11 proceed . in the Description of the Changes I obferv'd , in the Blood of feveral Men and Reafts. Vinegar darkend feveral colouring Particles • but weaker than Spirit of Vitriol ; of the. others it made no Change; Sea Salt and Nitre change not only the tinging Particles, .. that are darker, become, more (Inning, but that is lo lin.ill, 'tis but vifiblfr»in fewj the fixed Alkahous Salts fcarcely make any Alteration ; Blue Vitrkl Rightly curdles this? Mais, and gives tfaa whitifh Creen Colour ; Green Vitriol only juft difturbs the Fluid, but does curdle it, and the lefs Chaiige aritcs from the. Addition of the artificial Part, which is the S.dCbalybis; then the na- tural itriol, Spirit of Vitriol, w.lhSeaSaU or Nitre added to that lerous Part, m ikes a white Curd, .but much more .perfect with.. Sea Sail.
Spirit of Salt or Vitriol, added w'nh Altm to the fame Body, hinder.? the. Effect of the Alum ; lb that the Mais, which was forced only by the Alum into Curd, is only lightly difturbed or agiiated ; nay, the Coagulation
rwde-.
22 Bihliotheca
made by the Aim is removed by thofe Spi- rits ; Spirit of Nitre and Alum perform al- inoft the lame Effect, whether added toge- ther or alone ; fixed Alkali Salts hinder the Effect f,f Spirit of Nitre : nay, a Coagula- tion made by that Spirit is difolved by the lame S.ilr, and the Mafs rendcr'd limpid a- gairj j I h ive not made 3 Trial with the Vo- latile^ : The Reafori of the Coagulation ieeftis to be trriw : That the Points oflhe Par- ticle* of Alum, &c. enter into the Pores of the Particles of the Liquor, and do as it wcie bind them, and fb (fop their Motion; but the Reai'on of the Change of Colours is not lo eafily given, except it be a Gene- ral one; 'namely, That by a Mixture of va- rious Thing?, their Superficies are varioufly chang'd or alttr'd, fb that the vilual Rays are lometimes reflected one Way, and lome- tir.-:s another.
We (hall next proceed to an Examination of the Particles of the Blood, by the Aifi- Ihnce of the A/icroJcope, whereby I have teen in a lmali Drop of it leveral Kinds of Particles; tor iome will appear very long, and in Rune Meaiuie pointed, like Windlc Straws; others. of a imall Exteufion, and amoi.gii thele ' many globuiar or round ones ; ioincot Three, Four, or more Points, or of an irregular "Figure ;. amongft the globular ones few arc to be met withal that are perfectly Spherical, bur more of them are of an Oval Figure ; and others there are that give an Unevennels to the Superficies : But the laid Farticles may be better view'd if the Blood be examined while it flows from the Wound, and is received into warm Water, and prelemir after (baked ; fo will the Mixture become lels oblcure, and the Particles of the Blood lels intricate among/l themielves, fb that they may be more exact- ly leen.
In the Part of the wafhing^of the Blood, or in the W ater which extracted the Tincture from the coagulated Blood, the Particles will appear very various, but in Proportion a great deal more round ; but the groffer or more fibrous Parts which are Teen in the Blood promilcuoufiy mixd, do not appear herein, fince in luch a Lotion you have no- thing but the more iubtile Paris of the Blood.
In the gelatinous Part of the Blood, lq a-
Anatomica,
rated from the reft fpojitaneoufly in the Bafon, and from thence purified by frequent Decantations and Subfidings, ami freed from the grols and redder Part, may be perceived Particle*, of various Kinds, but not -fo com- mon as the round ones in the wafliing of the Blood, neither are they feeu fo plain, that their Tracings may be exictly oblerv'd, which lometimes happen in other limpid and thin Liquors.
Although from the Lid Experiments it may ieem to follow, that the globular Par- ticles of the Blood contribute much to the Rednefs of its Colour. I cariupt by airy Means perfwade my lelf thu it depends on lhat only, fince they are nor lels frequently founcj m White Milk than in Red Blood • and what takes away the Rednefs of the Blood, does not always take away thole round Par- ticles.
In examining the Blood by Chymical Ana- lyfis, becaule I could not eafily com. at Hu- mane Blood, and then only luch as was Dileafed, I took the Biocd of an Ox warm from the Vein and put it into \ Ctkurh'tt, which i fct urto Baim-o Ale.-i.<<. Fit it or all the Liquor came out not in excu Drops like common Water, but with Iome Appear-' ance of Stria; or Ridges ; what came over was very thin ard limpid, almolt of no T.iitc, and fomething of an ungrateful Smell, but yet not properly Foetid : The Quantity of a Spoonful of it, by adding a lew Grams of Salt of Lead, would turn of a Milky Co- lour and Confidence. From wh.it I could gather from the laid Qualities was, that this was~ a Liquor compounded or made up of abundance of Flegm, Sulphur in a imall Quantity, and a little Salt. The next Li- quor rtrat iucceeded in Di (Filiation was more watry, yet produced nothing which did not turn muddy with lome^iing of Whitenefe, by putting to it Salt -of Lead; a plain- Sign it was not Flegm, fyce that is by no Means difturbed or muddied by the Addition of that Salt.' When I could pro- duce nothing further by the Heat of the Bath, 1 removed the Cucurbit with the Blood into a Sand Furnace ; where, giving a Ifronger Heat, ] obtained further a Liquor more impregnated with a Volatile Salt and Sulphur, but tinged with aii Empyremva or Burning, expelling the more watry Humidity. '3 1 ili—
Medic a, Chirurgica, isc.
\ diitilled the felt by a Retort with a reverbe- rating Fire, and from thence I drew off a- gain another more watry Part, by a Heat not over violent; that was followed by a fubtle Liquor that was very penetrating, and firuck fenfibly upon the Organs of Tatt- uig and Smelling, and which was not a little efficacious in promoting Sweat ; winch kind of Liquor is lometimes called Spirit of Blood, from whence a volatile Salt and thick Foetid Oil isgain'd, there remained m the Retort a Caput Morttmnt, which was chiefly Earthy, and could not by any Force of the Fire be driven into the Receiver : The Salt thus railed was much more active and volatile than the Spirit, whence its Re- ctification is alcended fir ft, though in the full Diftillation, by rcaion of its intimate Union wiih the other Particles, it was dif- ficultly driven over, and would not appear tin after the Flegin and the greateft Part of the Spirituous Liquor was rilen. 1 put again the Ox's Btood. in Balnco MAn<t, but the JLvnior that came firft over was not lo Suipt inous as in the former Procefs ;'and this auift be lo undoubtedly, becaufe there was a greater Evaporation before Di filiation. The Humane Blood likewiie afforded me the lame fort of Liquor; which ! had from a Surgeon, who told trie he took it from a found Body.
But that I may examine into the Quantity arid Proportion of the Chymical Elements exiting in Blood, I took luch Blood as I couJd get of a. Male, that was of a. grown Age, then jabouting under a Defluction ot Hu- mours upon the Shoulder and ' Pectoral Mulcles, occafion'd by a Rheumatilm, of which 1 had Six Ounces and as many Drams : When tHis had Hood iome Hours in an open YtiTH, I judged it was diverted of its Spi- rituous Parr, which in Diliillation of the Ox's Blood 1 would not put into the Bdmo Mart*, but kept if dieefting for lome Days in Hone-Dung. That Blood being in lome Mealurc putrihed, 1 put into a Glals Cucur- bit, and diitilled it in Sand yvAh a moderate Fire, till nothing would further alcend ; rectifying the laid Liquor, I took about Two Drams of the Spirituous Matter, which firft appeared in the Diliillation of the Ox's Blood, but by reafon of the former Putrifaction of this Blood, it Hunk egregioufly, and there- fore, as being nauieous, 1 call it away.
23
When I came to walla the Receiver with Water, it'prelently contracted a milky Co- lour, which was a Sign it was Very Oily ; there remain'd in the Retort a Black Mais that was tough and compact as Pitch, which I altered with great Difficulty, and it weighed Two Ounces ; this I put into a Glals Retort cooled, and diftilled with a reverberatory Fire as long as I could lee any Thing ap- pear , in the Retort there remain'd a blackifh Mais, fomethinglight,dry and Spongy, which faken from the Retort, weigh'd about Two Drams; of which, making 2 Lixivium with Rain-water, I was willing to try whether, after the Digeftion of the BJood and violent Action of the Retort, any Thing of a fixed Salt remain'd, but the VciTel was broke that contained the Lixivium, by the Impru- dence of a Servant, and I was difappointcif of tlie End of my Labour : The (Receiver containing a Matter after Diliillation, I transferred that into Sand, lerving me in- ftead of a Cucurbit, and fitted a blind Alem- bick to it, and took about half a Dram of. the pureft white volatile Salt, then placing a beek'd Limbeck to it, and encreafing the Fire, there- was produced a Spirituous Li- tjuor, the Empyreuma lmelling lweet, and was in Quantity about Two Drams and a half; the Liquor remaining after this lift Diliillation I put into a Filtring Paper, firlt wetted with Rain-water, and repeating of- ten the Filtration I obtain'd almoft Two ' Drams and half of Oil leparated from the Flegin ; and that which ftuck lo hard that I could not get from the Glals, 1 reckon weigh'd a Scruple 5 lo that the Weight of the whole Oil might be about Eight Scruples, and a half; but that Oil had an "abominable Stench both to the Nole and Palate, tire greateft Part being thick and black, the leiTer Part lomeihing fluid and yellowifn : The Weight of the Flegin-, both from this and the firlt Diftillation, was about Five Ounces and a Dram, and there was not lolt above Two Drams in the whole Diftil- lation, .
If from hence therefore I may be allow'd to make a Computation of the Quantity and Proportion of the Principles contained in Humane Blood, I am of Opinion I (halt not wary from the Truth, if I affirm that in Seven Ounces of Humane Blood there are contained Five Ounces and Six Drams of
Water
24' Bibliotheca
Water or Flegm, three Drams of a fubtle Oil or oily Spirit, or little more, and about eight Scruples of a thick Oil, fcarce two Drams of Salt that is all volatile, and little more than two Drains of Earth. And tho' the laid Proportion and Quantity of Prin- ciples may be exactly obferved, yet we can- not from hence rigoroufly make Conclufions of the Blood of other Men ; nay, nor fo much as of the Blood of the lame Perfon at another Time; becaufe not only of the dif- ferent Things received, and the different Quantity of them, which produce different Proportions of Principles, but likewife the Diverfity of the Temperament of Men, Air, Exerctfe of Body, and leveral other Things, that contribute more or lels to the raifing or difperfing of thole Principles, whence alio their Proportions may ealily vary.
At another lime I received twelve Drams of Powder from a certain Apothecary, which remained from a Portion, of Blood taken from his own Body, and dried by a gentle Fire; from which Powder, being diltilled •with a Reverberatory Fire, I gain'd lomething more than a Dram, and therefore much lels than from the Blood examin'd before ; which was, either becaufe the Blood of this Perfon did not fo much abound with volatile Salt, or becaufe the other Blood was diflipated be- fore Di filiation, or that this loft a great deal of its Salt in drying. The reft of the Prin- ciples I did not examine, by reafon that I could make no Obfervations of the Flegm and Spirits from the large Evaporation that had been firft made of them.
Hitherto I could, dil'cover no acid Salt ei- ther in Humane Blood or that of Brutes; but the contrary xprc>ves, that it is not the Mat- ter from which the Blood is made, but that the Acids are lecreted from the Blood ; which further appears, becaufe there are few who
Anatomica,
do not eat fome Sort of Acifls or other with their Food, as Vinegar, Lemon, and the like. So Salt is continually mix'd with out., i Victuals, and it does not by any Tryals ap- pear that that Acidity is deftroy'd in Chyli- fication, or leparated from the Chyle i»/its Pallige to the Mafs of Blood ; therefore it remains to be fecerned or fecreted afterwards, either by Urine, Tranfpiration, or the like, fince we cannot find it actually prefent in the Blood. In the mean time, we ought to try if by Art we can gain an acid Salt from the Blood ; for which Purpofe, I took a Suf- ficient Quantity of Bullock's Blood, and boil'd it with Rain Water, then clarified the ftrain'd Liquor with the White of an Egg, and evaporating it to the Confiftence of a Syrup, I reduced it to a fmall Quantity, fo made an Extract of the Blood. In the Eva- poration, I perceived there was always a lixiviate Smell, which undoubtedly proceed- % ed from the going off of the volatile Alkali ] Salt : The Extracl being pofited in a cold Place, let no Salts fall to the Bottom, fo that it was evident there remained few or 3 II none of a fix'd Nature. This ExtraH I mix'd Separately with various Alkalis, as well as Acids, but obferved no Fermentation. At laft of all I mix'd it with Syrup of Violets, which it turn'd green, and which was a Sign the Alkali Salt was predominant, as the Change of the Syrup into a Red or Purple is a Token that the Acid prevails. But be- caufe this Extract did not raile a Fermenta- tion with Acids, we might judge jhe Predo- minancy was fmall; yet it is not to be doubted but that it is much greater in the Mafs of Blood, becaufe, as I have faid, in the Evaporation I perceiv'd a Smell like that of a lixiviate Salt : Befides, the alkalitots Salts are much more volatile in Animals lhan the add ones.
Medica, Chirurgica, iSc,
25
Of the Motion of the Heart, and Circulation of the Blood. From Harvey, Lower, Walkcus, De Buck, tnt, Bartholin, Baglivy,Verheyen,Sc. Hilaire,£7V. And firft of Harvey'i Circulation, &c.
THE Heart of all Creatures being diffected whilft they are yet alive, by opening the Brealt, and cutting open the CapJUa or Pericardium that indoles the Heart, you may obierve that it fbme- times moves, and lometimes relrs. This is evident in the Hearts of colder Creature?, as Toads, Serpents, Frogs, Crevifes, &c. but it fhows it lei f more manifettly in the Hearts of hotter Animals, as Dogs, Swine. If you obierve diligently while the Heart is dying, and movee, r.untly, then you may plainly lee that the Motions are flower and leldomer, and the Rettings of longer Continuance • and you may diltinguilh eafily what Man- ner of Motion it is, and which Way it is made.
In the Motion, Three Things are to be ob- ferved : Firft, I hat the Heart is creel, and that it railes it felf to a Point, and beats againlt the Brcaff, fo that the Puliation is felt outwardly. Secondly, That there is a Contraction of it every Way, efpecially of its Sides, lo that it appears Icfler, longer, and more contracted. The Heart of an Eel taken out, and expo.ed, demonltrates it. Thirdly, The Heart being gialped in one's Hand whilft it is in Motion, feels harder, which ariles from Tenfion. Tis further oblcrv'd in Fifh, and colder Animals hiving Blood, that when the Heart moves, it looks wbitifh ; when it cealeth Motion, or remits, it appears of a Blood Colour. From hence I gather'd, that the Motion of the Heart was a Kind of Tmfion in every Part of ir, according to the Drawing and Co.ijlncl ion of the Fibres every Way; oceanic it appear'd, that in all Mo- tions it was erected, received Vigour, grew Ids and harder; that the Motion of it was like that oi the Mich's, where the Con-
traction is made according to the Driving of the Fibres; for the Mujclcs, whilft they vare in Motion, are invigorated and (tretch'd, from foft become hard, erect and thicker : So likewife does the Heart.
From thele Oblervations we may con- clude, that the Heart, whilft it is in otiont fuffers ConftriBion, and is thicken'd in its Gutfide, and lo is contracted in its Ventri- cles, that it thrufts forth the Blood contain'd within it ; therefore thele Things happen at the fame Time, to wit, the Tenfion of the Heart, the Erection of the Point, the Pulia- tion againlt the Bread, the IncralLtion or Thickening of the Sides, and the forcible Protrufion of the blood by ConftriUion of the V mtricles. Hence the contrary of the com- mon receiv'd Opinion appears, which is, That when the Heart beats again!} the Breaft, the Ventricles are dilated and fill'd with Blood, and that when the Heart is contradted, it is emptied : For that Motion which is commonly thought the Diaftole of the Heart, is really the Syftole, and lo the proper Mo- tion of the Hart is not a Diaftole, but a Syftole.
In the Motion of the Heart, thefe Things aie further to be obierv d in relation to the Puljation and Motion of the Arteries : Firftf That whillt there is a Tcnfim and ContraBio/t of the Heart, a Pcrculfion of the Breaft, and an apparent Syftole, the Arteries are dilated, pulle, and are in their Diaftole. Ukewiie when the right Ventricle propels the Blood contain'd in it, the Arterions Vein beats, and is dilated, together with the reft of the Ar- teries of the Body. Secondly, When the left Ventricle cealeth to move, beat, and be con- trailed, the Beating of the Arteries cea les ; nay, tvhen the Tenfton i« but faiut, the Pu l- E fatioa
Bibliotheca Anatomica,
fation of the Arteries is hardly perceptible ; and fo likewife in the Arterial fain when the Right ceafes. Thirdly, In cutting or piercing any Artery, in the very Tenfion of the left Ventricle, the Blood is forcibly thrult out of the Wound ; fo cutting the Arterial Vein at the fame Time, and in the Tenfion and ContraElion of the right Ventricle, you fhall fee the Blood burft out forcibly from thence.
So likewife in Fifties, cutting the great Trunk which leads from the Heart to the Gills, at which Time you fhall lee the Heart Hi ft and contracted, and thence obferye the Blood forcibly driven out. Laftly, As in the cutting of any Artery, the Blood leaps out fometiines farther, fometimes nearer, you fhall find the Leaping out to agree jult with the Diafiole of the Artery : From whence it appears clear, that the Diafiole of the Artery is at the fame Time with the Syfiole of the Heart, and that the Arteries are filled and diflended by reafon of the Immiilion and Intrufion of Blood made by the Con Uric-lion of the Ventricles of the Heart as likewife fcb.at the Arteries are liretchd. Again, we snay fee that the Puliation of the Arteries ariies from the Impulfion of Blood from the left Ventricle', jult lo as when one blows in- to a Glove, all the Fingers fwell up toge- ther, and refemble the Puliation : As alio, according to the Tenfion of the Heart, the Pulfations are greater, more vehement, fre- quent and lwitter, keeping the Number, Quantity, and Order of the beating of the Heart.
Befides, there are many Things obfervable which relate to the Ears, and which Gafpar Bauhims and RioUn, both Accurate Anato- mies, have taken Notice of, and inform us, that if in live Diffdlions we have Regard to the Mfction of the Heart, we fhall fee four Motions ditfindt both in Time and Place. Now there are four Motions diltincl in Flace, but not in Time; for both the Auri- cles or Ears move together.
There are as it were at one Time two Motions, one of the Ears, and another of the Ventricles themfelves ; for they are not jjiift at one Inflant, but the Motion of the Ears goes before, and the Motion of the Heart follows t The Motion feems to begin a& the Ear s j and to oafs on to, the Fttyriclet,
nojjek •>
When all Things are already in a languifh- ing Condition, the Heart dying away, as it is both in Fifties, and other colder Animals which have Blood, there intercedes iomc lertingTimc betwixt thefe two Motions, and the Heart being as it were weakend, feems to anfwer the Motion fometimes fwiftcr, and fometimes flower. Laft of all, drawing to- wards Death, it ceafes to anfwer by its Mo- tion, and only feems to move infenfibly, that it gives as it were only a Sign of Mo- tion to the Ears ; fo the Heart firft leaves beating be ("ore the Ears, fo that the Ears are faid to outlive it. The left Ventricle leaves beating firlt of all, then its Ear, then the right lentricle laft of all, which Galen ob- ferves ; all the reft giving off and dyingr the right Ear beats Ail I, fo that Life feems to remain laft of all in the Right. But this is chiefly to be obfervd, that after the Heart has left beating, and the Ears are beating ftill, if you put your Finger upon the Ven- tricles of the Heart, every Puliation is per- ceivd in the Ventricles ;uft. after the lame Manner as we faid the Pulfations of the Ventricles were felt in the Arteries, a Di Men- tion being made by Impulfion of Blood, and at this Time the Ears only beating, if you cut away the Point or Tip of the Heart, you fhall fee the Blood flow from thence at every Pulfation of the Ear, fo that from thence it appears which Way the Blood comes into the Ventricles, which is not by Attra6tion or Detention of the Heart, but by the Im- pulfion of the Ears.
It is to be oblervd, that all rhofe which I call Pulfations, both in the Ears and in the Heart, are Contractions, and that the Ears are evidently firft contracted, and after- wards the Heart it felf : For the Ears, whilft, they move and beat, become whitifh, efpe- cially when there is little Blood in them j for they are filld, as the Cellars and Treasu- ries of Blood, by the compretfive Motion of the Veins, and the tending of its proper Centre ; nay further, it is moft evident in the Ends and Extremities of them, that the Whitenefs arifes meerly from the Contraction of them. In Fifties and Frogs, and the like, having but one V entricle of the Heart , for inftead of one Ear, they have a little Blad- der placed at the Bottom of their Heart full of Bloody you fhall moft evidently fee the
Blad-
Mec/ica, Ci
Bladder firft contracted, and the Contraction of the Heart follow.
After thefe and the like Obfervation?, it will be found that the Motion of the Heart is after this Manner: Firlt of all, the Ear contracts it felf, and in that Contraction throws the Blood with which it abound?, as the Head Spring of the Veins, and the Cel- lar and Cittern of Blood, into the Ventricle of the He urt, which being full, raifes or erects it felf, ftretches all the Nerves, con- tracts the Ventricles, and makes a Pulfation ; by which Pulfation it continually thrufts that Blood, which by the Ears is fent in into the Arteries ; the Right Ventricle into the Liin.^s, through that Veflel which is called the Vena Arteriofa, but is to all Intents and Purpofes an Artery ; the Left V entricle into the Aorta, and fo by the Arteries into the whole Body.
Thefe Two Motions, the one of the Ears, the other of the V mtricles, are fo done in a continued Motion, as it were keeping a cer- tain Harmony and Number, that they are both perform'd at the lame Time, and one Motion only appears, efpecially in hotter Creatures, whi lit they move fuddenly; nor is this done otherwife, than when in En- gints one Wheel moving another, they feein all to move together ; and in the Lock of a Gun, by drawing of the Spring, the Flint falls, firikes the Steel, fires the Powder, en- ters the Touch-hole, difcharges the Ball, hits the Mark, and all thefe Motions, by reafbn of the iSwiftncfs of them, appear in the twinkling of an Eye. So likewife in De- glutition, the Meat or Drink is thrown into the Jans, the Larynx is fhut clofe by its own Mujcles, and the Epiglottis is lifted up and opened by its Mujcles, julf as a Sack is raifed to be filfd, and opened that it may receive; it thrufis down the Meat or Drink, being received by the thwarting Mujcles, and with the long Mujcles fucks it down ; yet notwithstanding that all thefe Mqtions are made by feveral and contradiftinct Oigans, whilft they are done in Harn.ony and Or- der, feem but to make one Motion and Action, which they call Swallowing.
The Motion of the Heart then is after this Manner, and the Transfufion and Pro- pulfion, by Mediation of the Arteries, is one of the Actions of the Heart ; fo that i
iruYgicay iSc. 27
the Pulfation which we feel, is nothing elfe but only the Im pulfion of the Blood by the Heart : But whether or no the Heart con- tribute any Thing elfe to the Blood, befides the Tranlpofition, local Motion, and Di* firibution of it, we inuft enquire after- wards, and collect out of other Obferva- tions. Let this fufhee for the prefent, that it isfufficiently evidenced, that in the beat- ing of the Heart the Blood is transfufed into the Arteries through the Ventricles of the Heart, and fo diltributed into the whole Body.
Since it is probable that the Contexture of the Heart and its Union with the Lungs gave an Occafion to the Ancients to miftake the Ways by which the Blood could be car- ried out of the Veins into the Arteries, it will be necefTary to clear up that Difficulty} and firft of all, the Thing is clear enough in Fifh.es, who have but one Ventricle of the Heart, as having no Lungs ; for it is cer- tain it may be confirmed before our Eyes,! that the Bladder of Blood which they have at the Bottom of the Heart, anfwerable to the Ear of the Heart, fends the Blood into the Heart, and that the Heart does after- wards, through a Pipe or Artery, or fome- thing correfponding to an Artery, openly transfule it, both by our own View, and alfo by cutting the Artery, the Blood leaping out upon every Puliation of the Heart.
You may likewile fee the fame in all other Creatures, in which there is but one Ventricle only, or fomething anfwerable to it ; as in the Toad, Frog, Serpent and Hofife- Snails ; which though they are laid in lomc manner to have Lungs, becaufc they have a kind of Voice, yet from ocular Deinonfira- tion it is plain, that the Blood in them, by the Puliation of the Heart, is brought out of the Veins into the Arteries, the Way be- ing open and mjuifefi, there is no Occafion of Doubt or Difficulty at all, for the Cafe is the fame with them as it might be with a Man, if the Partition of the Heart were pierced through 01 taken away, and fo both the Ventricles become one ; I believe no Body then would doubt which Way the Blood iliould go out of the Veins into the Arteries. And teeing there are more Crea- tures which have no Lungs than there are which have, and more winch have but one E 2 Ve.®*
2 3 Bibliotheca
Ventricle than there are which hive Two, we may very well aflfrm, tint for the molt Part the Blood is transfuied out of the Ptim into rhe Arteries, throuph the Botom or Cavity bf! the IL.nt by an open Paf- lage.
In an Embrio the re arc Four Vcflclsof t lie Heart • the Venn Cava, the ' rha At urioja, Arteria Venalis, and the ifl&rYa or great Ar- tery. The fir It Union of the Vena Cava, with rhe Arteria Venofa, which meets before the Vena Cava opens it le If into the Right Ventricle of the Heart, or lends out the Co- ronal Vein a. little above its Exit from the Liver, dilplays to us its Orifice Sideways, that is to lay, a Hole wiJe and large, of an oval Figure, made ptlTable quite through from the Vena Cava into that Artery; lb that through th it Hole, called the fwxmtn Ovale, the Blood may freely pals out of the V t?ia Cava into the Arteria Venofa, and the Left Ear of the Heart, and lo to the Left Ventricle : There is befides, oppefite to that Place which looks towards the Arterta Ve- nofa, a thin hard Membrane like a Cover, which afterwards in thoie of riper Years, co\enng this Hole, and growing together, quite Hops it up, and takes away ahnolt all Signs of it.
The other Union is that of the Vena Ar- tcrioja, and is as it were a Third Trunk, or Arterial Duel, perforate into the Great Ar- tery ; lo that in the Diflection of Embrio s, there appears as it were Two Aorta's, or Two Roots of the gre*t Artery ; This Con- duit likewile in thole that come to mature Age, dwindles or fades away, and at la It is quite dried up and loll like the Umbilical V cin. This Arterial Branch hath no Mem- brane to hinder the Motion of Blood back- ward or forward, for there are in the Ori- fice the Vena Arteriofa, of which this is a Branch; Three Doors or Valves, of the Shape of a £, which appear outwardly and inwardly, and eafily give paffage to the Blood, flowing into the Right Ventricle this Way, but on the contrary hinder any Thing that may flow from the Artery or the Lungs into the Right Ventricle, which they thut very dole : lo that here we have Realbn to believe, that in an Embrio, when the Heart contrails it fclf, the Blood muft sWafjs be carried out of the Right Ventricle
Anatomic a,
into the great Artery. In anfwer to the Ob- jection that his been made, that thele Two Coi )ju i id ions lo 1 ir ?e a nd fpaci ou? w t re made for the Nutrition of the Lungs, and that in thole of riper Years, when the Lungs by r talon of their Heat and Motion require greater Supply or Nourishment, they fhould have taken away and made up, is an Inven- tion improbable and inconlillent : I lay, it is vifible to our Eyes, that both in- an E?g, whereon a Hen hath lat, and in Em- brio's newly taken out of the Womb, the Heart moves as in thofc of Addis; and likewile Nature is prelTed with no luch Ne- celhty as to rrnke thole large PafTrges men- tioned for the. Nutrition of the Lungs; for the Heart, by its Motion, brings forth the Blood from the Vena Cava, the Right Ven- tricle receiving the Blood from the Auridc, propels it through the Vena A-teri.fa, ;uiJ its Branch into the great Artery, likewile the Left at the lame Time, by the Motion of its Auricle, receives that Bluod which is brought through the Foramen Ovale from the V ma Cava, and by its Tenfton and Con- ftriction, drives it through the Rooi of the Aorta into the great Trunk : So in Embrio's, win lit the Lungs are idle and hxve no Action nor Motion, Nature makes ule of both V auricles of the Heart as of one, for tranl- miflion of Blood : and lo the Condition of Embrio's that have Lungs and make no Ule of them, is like that of thole Creatures which have none at all.
We Ilia II proceed in the next Place to prove, that in the more perfect Animals, and thole come to Maturity, as- Man, the Blood may pals from the Right Ventricle of the Heart by the Vena Arterta into the Lungs, and from thence through the Atcria V enofa into the ! eft Auricle, anei from thence info the fceft. Yentrkh of the Heart. It is lufticiently evident that nothing can hinder this Paflage, if we confider how Sweat pafles through' the Pores of the Skm, or how ' Urine is fepar.ited in the Strainer of the Kid- neys; as may be more particularly dMcrved in thole who drink Mineral Waters } thole therelore who deny that the Mats of Blond can pifs through the Subftancc of the Lungs, and yet allow the Nutritive juice a Pajffrcc through tfoe Liver, ought to confider ill the SthnneV^ of the Liver and the KtJ-.ys
arc
Mecfica, Ch
are much thicker than that of the Lungs, becauie t tie Litter arc much thinner woven, and of a more Spongy Subllance, it com- pared to the former. In the Liver there is fio impuliive Force, in the Lungs the Blood is driven forward by the Impuliion of the K\^\\l Ventricle, and the Compreilion of the Piitoral Muscles ; by which Means, in the lirlx Place, there mull necelTarily follow a Dilicnfion of the VefTels, and in the next Place a ProgrelJlve Motion, by the rifing and falling of the Lungs in Rclpiratiom
Thus much of the Transfufion of the Blood out of the Veins into the Arteries, and how it is dii poled of, and tranlmitied by the Pulie of the Heart : Now I (hall lay iomcthiiig of the Quantity and Encreale of Blood which p..il"eth through the Body. When I had often and lerioufly confidered with my lelf what Plenty there was of Blood, both by the Direction of living Crea- tures for Experiments lake, the opening of Arteries, and many Ways of learching, and from the Symetry and Size of the Ventricles of the Heart, and of the Viflels which go into it, and out of it; fince Nature making nothing in vain, did not allot that Great- nefs to thole VtiTels to no Purpofe, as like- wilc from the continued and careful Arti- fice of the Valves and Fibres, and the reft of the F. bri.k, and from many other Things ; and when I had a long Tune con- fidered with my It If what Quantity of lood was pafltd through, and in how Inert Time that Tranimiflion was done, whether or no the Nutrition we receive could furnilh this or no ; at lift I perceiv'd that the Veins would be quite emptied, and the Arteries on the other Side be burit with too much In- trufion of Blood, unlcfs it palled back again ibme Way or other out of the Veins into the Arteries, and returned into the Right Ventricle of the Heart. I began then to think with my lelf, that the blond might have a. Circular Motion, which afterwards I found true, and that it was driven out of the Heart by the Arteries into the whole Body, by the Contraction and Pullttion of the Left 'ertlrki: of the Heart, as it is dri- ven into the Lungs through the Vena Artc- riofa, by the beating of the Right, and that it returns through ^c httlc Veins in- to the fena Cava, ai:d to the Right A '4ncle
'rurgica, 2p
of the Heart ; as like wife out of the L%ngs through the aforelaid Arteria Vena/a to the Left Ventricle ; which Motion we may be allowed to call Circular.
There remains Three Things further to be confirmM, in order to demonstrate this Cir- culation beyond Contradiction : Firli, That the lood is continually, and without lnter- mitlion, carried out of the Vena Cava into the Arteries, in fuch Quantities that it can- not be recruited by any Suftenance or Ali- ment we take in ; lb that the whole Mafs of Blood would quickly pals through. In the Second Place, That continually, and without lntermiflion, the Blood is driven into every Member and Part, by Means of the Puliation of the Arterks ; and that in far greater Abundance than is required for the Nourifhment of the Parts, or than the whole Mais is able to furnilh. And like- wife, Thirdly, That the Veins themlelves do perpetually bring back the Blood into the great Ciftem or Receptacle of the Heart.
Thefe Things being prov'd, I think it will appear that the Blood goes round, is re- tum'd, and then driven forward from the Heart to the Extremities, and from thence into the Heart again, lb makes as it were a Circular Motion. Let us liippofe how much Blood the Left Ventricle contains in its Dila- tation when it is full, either by Calculation or Experiment \ as for Example, whether Three, Two, or One Ounce and a half of Blood : I have found in that of a Dead Man above Two Ounces. Let us luppole likewife, how much lets in the Contraction the Heart may contain, and how much leis capacious the Ventricle is, and from thence how much Blood is thruft out of the Great Anery, for in the Syjlole there is always fome propelled, which we may luppole from the Texture of the Part. Therefore from a pio- bable Conjecture we may affirm, there is lent in of this Blood into the Artery, » Fourth, Fifth, Six, at lealf an Eighth Part • lothat if wre grant that in a Man there is lent forth at every Pulfe of the Heart an Ounce and a half, or Three Drams, or bur a Dram of Blood, which by the Hindranceof the Valves cannot return to the Heart • and that the Heart in one Half Flour nukes above a Thouland Pulks, and lcmttimesTwo, Three
or
30 Bibliothea
or Four thoufand : Now if we multiply the Drams, cither a Thoufand times Two Drains, or Three Drams, or Five hundred Ounces, or iuch a proportionate Quantity of Blood is transfuled through the Heart into the Arteries, which is more than is to be found in the whole Body.
But if we grant that this is not done in half an Hour, according to the former Suppofi- tion, but allow a whole Hour or a Day for ir, it is plain that more Blood is continually lent through the Heart than either the Food which we receive can furnifb, or is poffiffle to be contained in the Veins ; nor is it to be laid, That the Heart in its Contraction iometimes pufhes out Blood, and lometimcs none at all, or as much as nothing, or ibmething imaginary ; for if in the Dilata- tion of the Heart the Ventricles are hi led with Blood, it is neceHary that in Contra- ction it fhould be propelled, and that not in a very fuiall Quantity, fince the Veflels are large, and the Protufion frequent ; it is very neceflary likewile in every Propul- fion, that the Proportion of the Blood pul- led out fliould be a Third, Sixth or Eighth Part, in Proportion to that which is before contained in the Ventricle, and which filled it in the Dilatation, according as the Propor- tion of the Ventricle in Contraction is to the Proportion of it in the Dilatation. Wherefore it is to be concluded, That if in a Man or other Animal the Heart pulles out a Dram, and there be a Thoufand Pulles in half an Hour, that there are Ten Pounds Five Ounces of Blood transmitted in that Time ; and if at one Pulle it fends forth Two Drams, Twenty Pounds, Ten Ounces ; if half an Ounce, Forty one Pounds, Bight Ounces; if an Ounce at every Pulfe, then Eighty three Pounds Four Ounces will be transfufed in half an Hour out of the Veins into the Arteries.
But fuppoie the Blood pafs through the Heart and Lungs in the lmalefl Quantity we can well imagine, it is conveyed in greater Plenty into the Arteries than it is pofllble to be Supplied by any Nourishment which we receive, un lei's we admit of a Regrefs by Way of Circulation : This likewile appears by our Senles when the lea ft Artery is cut, for then the whole Mafs of Blood will be drained out of the Body, as well from the
Anatomica,
Veins as the Arteries, in half an Hour's Time. And Butchers can atteli thi?, when in killing of an Ox, &c. they cut the ju- gular Arteries, they drain the whole Mais of Blood in lefs than a#quarter of an Hour, and empty all the other Veflels of the Body.
Hence it is manifeft, and from what has been other wife laid down, that the Arteries receive Bhod no where elfe but from the V eins, by tranlmiiTion through the Heart ; wherefore, if you tie the Aorta at the Root of the Heart, and open the Jugular or any other Artery, you will fee the Arteries empty, and the Veins full. And from hence likewile we may obferve in Anotomical DiS- Sec~tions, the Caufe why lo much Blood is found in the Veins, and fo little in the Ar- teries ; why there is a great deal found in the Right Ventricle, and but a little in the Left ; becaufe there is no Paflage afforded from the V eins into the Arteries, but through the Lungs and the Heart ; but when the Lungs have expired, and leave off to move, the Blood's Paflage is Aop'd from the little Branches of the Vena Arteriofa into the Arteria V °.noja, and fo into the Left Ventricle of the Heart, as in an Embrio it was before oblerv'd; that it was flop'd by realon of the want of Motion of the Lungs, which open and Ihut up thofe narrow Paflages ; but lee- ing the Heart does not leave off Motion at the lame Time with the Lungs, but beats afterwards and out-lives them, it comes to pafs that the Left Ventricle and the Arteries fend forth Blood into the Body, and not re- ceiving it through the Lungs again, therefore appear empty. By this it is manifeft, that the more vehement the Arteries beat, it happens in all Fluxes of Blood, the whole Body is fo much the Sooner emptied; So in all Faintings, Fear, and the like, when the Heart beats weakly, and with much leSs Force, that it flops all Fluxes of Blood ; hence likewile in a dead Body, after the Heart ceafes to beat, you cannot extract out of the Jugular or Crural I eins, or by opening of the Arteries, above half the Mais of Blood', nor can a Butcher, when he has knock'd down an Ox, draw all the Blood from him, unleSs he cut the Jugulars before the Heart leaves beating.
But if any remain yet unSatisfied, and object further, Saying, That although by
the
Medica, <
the cutting of an Artery, and opening a Way, it happens beyond theCourle of Na- ture, that the Blood is forcibly expelled, yet it does not therefore happen in an entire Body where there is Paflage given, and the Arteries are full and conftituted according to Nature, that fuch a great Quantity fhould pals in the Veflels in fo fhort a Space ; lo that there muft needs be a Regrels. I anlvver, That it appears from a former Cal- culation how much the Heart, being fill'd, contains more in its Dilatation than in its Conftrucrion, fo much at every Puliation is fent forth ; and that Reafon there is, fo much pals the Body, being whole and con- Itituted according to Nature. But in Ser- pents, and fome Fillies, binding the Veins a Jittle beneath the Heart, you fhall quickly fee the Difhnce betwixt the Heart and the Ligature to be emptied ,• fo that you muff, needs affirm the Recourfe of Blood, unlefs you will deny your own Eye- fight; we will confirm this with one Example: If you cut up an Adder alive, you fhall fee the Heart be.it calmly and diftinclly for a whole Hour, and contract and thru ft it felf out again like a Worm ; if the Vena Cava enters the lower Part of the Heart, the Ar- tery comes out at the upper Part ; now- ta- king hold of the Vena Cava with a Pair of Pinters, or with your Finger and Thumb, and the Courfe of the Flood being ffop'd a little Way beneath the Heart, you fhail upon the Pulfe perceive that Place to be al- moft prelently emptied betwixt your Fin- gers and the Heart, the Blood being exhauli- j- ed by the Puliation ; and that the Heart will be of a far whiter .Colour, and that it is kffer in its Dihtation for want of Blood, and at laft beats more faintly ; lb that in the End it feems as it were a dying, but as foon as the Vein is united, both the Colour and Bignefs returns to the Heart : Again, if you leave the Veins free, and bind the Artery a little Way from the Heart, you will, on the contrary lee that fwell vehemently where tied, and the Heart Tumefied as ready to break, which acquires a Purple Colour, till it be blackifh, lo that it is at laft opprelTed with hlood, and ready to ceafe its Motion ; but untyingthe String,it returnsto its natural Conftitution, Colour and Bignefs ; fo that there, feems to b£ Two Sorts of Death, Ex-
^birurgtca, &c. %i
tinclion through Defeat, and Suffocation, by abounding with too great Quantity of Blood both which are demonfirable to our Eyes.
The next Thing to be taken Notice of are lome Experiments, by which it will ap- pear clear that the Blood doth enter into every Member through the Arteries, and re- turns by the Veins, and that the Arteries are the Veflels that carry the Blood from the Heart, and the Veins thole by which the Blooi is returned to the Heart it felf ; and. that the Blood, in the Members and Extre- mities, paffes from the Arteries into the Veins, as before it did in the Heart and Thorax; out of the Veins into the Arteries j vyhence it is manifeft, that in its Circula- tion it moves from the Centre to the Cir- cumference or Extremities, and from thence again to the Centre.
I fhall mention fomcthing of Ligatures here, and then fpeak -of the Experiments performed by them : Some Ligatures are ftrict or hard; others gentle, or of a mid- dle Sort : A Uriel Ligature is fuch a one where the Arm is fo ffreightly bound with the Bandage or Fillet, that you cannot per- ceive the Artery beat any where beyond the Ligature : Such a one we ule in the cutting off of Members, taking away of Tumours, Hopping Fluxes of Blood, &c. I call that a gentle or middle Sort of Ligature, which comprcfles the Member every Way, but without Pain, fo that it fuffcrs the Artery to beat a little beyond the Ligature ; fuch a one is ufed in Blood-letting, for though you make the Ligature above the Elbow, yet you fhall perceive the Arteries a little in the Wrifi, if you touch it, and the Ligature be made aright. Now if you make an Ex- periment upon a Man's Arm by binding, as in Blood-letting, or by the ftronger Grafp of the Hand it felf, which is better per- form cl in a lean Body that has larger Veins $ when the Parts are heated, a greater Quan- tity of Blood is in the Extremities, and the Pulfe is quicker, for then every Thing will more evidently appear. If then you make a hard Ligature, drawing it as freight as can be endured, you may firft oblerve, that beyond that Ligature the Artery does not beat in the Wrift, nor any where elie; and then that immediately^ that the -Artery a-
bow.
Bihliotheca Anatomica,
bove the Ligature has its Diaftole higher, and beat more violently, and as it were with a kind of Tide, riles towards the Ligature, as if it pndeavour 'jd to beat through : in the mem Tunc, the Hand retains its Co- lour, only in Time it begins to be a little coldifh. After this Ligature has continued a while, and comes on a ludden to be un- looled and tied gently, as in Blood-letting, it is to be obferved, that the whole Hand is presently iupplied with Colour, anddiften- ded, lb that the Veins become fwelled and knotty, and that in the Space of Ten or Twelve Pulles the Hand appear? extremely full, a great Quantity of Blood being let pals by the Ligature without either Anguifh or Heat ; in the mean Time, if you put your Finger upon the Artery at the very Time of Unbinding near the Ligature, you fliall feci the Blood as it were parting under your Finger.
Moret>ver,he in whofe Arm the Experiment is made upon,thcChangeofa (freight Ligature into a gentle or moderate one, fhall plainly feel the Heat and Blood enter by Puliation, and diiperie it ielf all over his Hand, as in a Itrid Ligature the Arteries abo* ■Hended and beat, and not br '
is granted through the Veins, the Ligature
being untied.
Granting thele Things to be fo, it is cer- tain that the blood continually pafft* through the Heart ; for we fee in the Habit of the Body, that the Blood flows conliantiy out of the Arteries into the Veins, and not out of the Veins into the Arteries; fo that ti.e whole Mais of Blood tmy be drawn (rein the Arm by opening a Vein, if the iJfgatttrt be well made, and we may fee it run lo forcibly, that it is certain all the Blood :u the Body may be evacuated this Way, as. well from the Veins as the Arteries-' where* fore we mult own th.t it is driven by Force or Impuilion, which proceeds (rom trie PuMfe of the Heart, and lite Coiu'bicf.ou or Vi- bration of the Arteries.
Now it is apparent, v h -t this Flux comes from the Heart, ai;d th.t it flows by a Paf- fage made through the Heart out.o; i!.;- great Veins, feeing below the LigatWfhc Blood enters by the Ancnes, not by the Veins, and the Arteries never receive out of the Veins, unlets it be out of the Left Ven- tricle of the Hart. Nor could lo great A-
i •" ' '- oihcnvile be drawn out of (.3fiji»cU oDlcrvd; that i v- T; ra u . UUL ^r
- '-".TMKihg a Ligature a love lo eafity
Veins become lefs ; fo int'ti .itle Liga ture the Veins fwell, and become Ifubborn, and the Arteries become lefs ; nay, if you &]ueeze the Veins, unlels you do it very
ftrongly, you lhall hardly fee the Blood that the greatclt Part ot' it is exhauiied*
and quickly, unlets prffornftl by the im- pelling Force of the Heart. If any one therefore fuffer Inch an Lftufion of Blood for half an Hour, no Body needs doubt but
pals above the ligature, or the Veins fall : Faintings and Swooning? would follow' Hence it appears why in Phlebotomy, when and not only the Arteries, but #»e areafeft
«rr» Mr/iuM Inirp trip J\\ r\t\A lf>ir\ nitt ftii-rnpt- J/piyir m'/Mil/l hp* lib- m11(.u.. i . T*i C .
we would have the Blood leap out further with greater Force, we bind it above the cutting of the Vein, not below ; but fmce it is driven by the Arteries into the lower Veins, in which Regrefs, by realon of the Ligature, the Veins fwell and can lqueeze it out, and throw it further through the Orifice, but the Ligature being untied, and the Way of the Egrefs being open, the Blood no longer comes but Drop by Drop : If in Blood-letting you untie the Band, or bind it below, or elfe bind the Member with too Itrict a Ligature, irwilLnot ilTue out, as if all the Force were taken from it, .becaufe the Way of Entrance, and Influx of Blood through the Arteries, is by that if rid Ligature intercepted,, or a freer Regrels
Veins would be like wile emptied : Therefore it Itands to Realon, that in half an Hcui'st I ime, lo much Blood pafTes out of the great Vein through the Hea t into the Aorta. ' We may further oblerve, That in Blood-letting, if you tie the Arm, and make a convenient Orifice, yet if Fear, Swooning, or any o- ther Cauie intervene through Pafiion of the Mind, lo that the Heart beat more faintly, the Blood will not flow, except Drop by Drop j. and the Realon is, becaufe the Pulfe being faint, and the impelling Force but weak, the Blood cannot open it lelf a Paflage out of the Veins, or the Heart propel it through the Lungs.
If now that we explain which Way the Blood flows back from the Extremities thro*
the
Medica, Chirurgica^ (Pc.
the Veins into the Heart, and how the Veins are the VelTels that carry it from the Extre- mities to the Centre, by which Means we think thole Three Propofitions will be fuf- ficieiitly evident ; and this is plain enough, from the Valves or Portals, which are found in the Concavities of the Veins, their Ule, and from ocular Demonltration. The Fa- mous Tabritins ah Aquapendente, an accurate Anatomift ; or, as the Learned Riolan will have it, Jac. Sihittt firlt of all delineated -the Membranal Portals or Valves in the Veins, being in Form of a 2, or Half-Moon, the molt eminent and thinnelt Parts of the inward Tunicles of the Veins', their Situa- tion is in diftant Places, after a various Manner.; in divers Perlbns they are connate at the Sides of ilie Veins, looking towards the Rcotsof them, and in the middle Capa- city both of them looking towards one ano- ther, equally and duly touching one ano- ther, fo that they are apt to Hick together at the Exiremitics, and be united: And left they fhould hinder any Thing to re- turn from the larger Veins into the little Branches, or from the greater into the lefs, they are- fo placed that the Horns of the hindcrmoit are (hetched towards the middle of the Body of it, whicli is before, and fo interchangeably.
The Difcovcrer of thefe Valves did not understand the Ufe of them, nor thole who laid they were made to hinder the Blood by its Weight from filling downwards ; for there are in the jugular Veins, thofe that look downwards, and hinder the Blood from .being carried upwards: There are lince found in the Emulgent Veins, and Branches of th« Mejentery, thole which look towards the Vena Cava and Vena Porta, but there are no fuch in the Arteries ; and it is to be ob- Jerved, that Dogs and Cattle have all their Valves in the dividing of the Crural Veins, at the beginning of the Os Sacrum, or in the /Hack Branches, near the Coxendix; in which thele is no fuch Thing to be feared, by rea- ion of the upright Stature in Man ; nor are there Valves in the Jugulars, as iome fay, for fear of Apoplexies, becaufe the Matter is apr, in Sleep, to flow into the Head through the Soporal Arteries ; nor that the Blood may ltand Hill in Divarications, and that all the Blood fhou Id not break into the 1 trial 1 Branches
33
or thole which are more capacious ; for they are likewife placed where there are no Diva- rications, though I confefs they are more fre- quent where there are Divarications', nor that the Motion of the Blood may be retarded from the Centre of the Body ; but the Valves' were meerly made, left the Blood {horrid move from the greateft Veins to the lejfert and that it fhould not go from the Centre of" the Body to the Extremities, but rather from the Extremities to the Centre; therefore by this Motion the Valves are eafily fhut, and hinder any Thing which is contrary to them.
I have often tried that in Direction, if beginning at the Roots of-the Veins, I put in the Probe towards the fmall Branches with all the Art I could contrive, it would go no further than the next Valve ; on the con- trary, if I put it in from the Branches to- wards the Root, it palled very eafily. In many P feces, Two Portals or Valves are fo interchangeably placed and fitted, that when they are elevated in the middle of the Con- cavity of the Vein, they clofe with one ano- ther to a Hair's Breadth, and in their Extre- mities ar'l Convexities are'united and inter- change^ »hat you can neither fee with your Ey , »ibr any Ways difcern either Crack or Conjunction : On the contrary, from putting in a Probe out of the Branches towards the Trunk, they eafily give Way, and like thofe Gates or Sluices by which the Courle of Rivers is ftop'd, are eafily turn'd bick to intercept the Motion of the Blood from the Vena Cava and the Heart, and be- ing clolely lifted up in many Places, whilft they are interchangeably fhut, they quite hinder and fupprefs, nor by any Means luf- fer the Blood to move, either upwards to the Head, or downwards to the Feet, nor to the Sides or Arms, but flop and refilt all manner of Motion of the Bipod ; which is begun in the greater Veins and Ends in the lelTer, yet readily obey any which is be- gun in the Imall Veins, and ends in-the greater.
But that the Truth may the more clearly be fhown, let the Arm of a Man alive be tied above the Elbow, as if it were to let Bloody there will appear in Country People, and e- fpecially thole who havefvvoln Veins, little Knots or Swellings; and thefe Knots are F made
34 Bibliotheca
made by the Valves : They thus appealing in the infide of the Hand or Cubit, if you draw down the Blood with your Thumb or Finger from the Knot, you will fee that none can follow, the Vali/e quite hindering it, and that the Part of the Vein, drawn down betwigt the Swelling and the Finger, is quite obliterated^ and yet full enough above the Knot Or Valve; nay, if you do retain the Blood lb drove down, and the Blood emptied, and prels down with the ether Hand the upper Part of the Vein, you fliall find that it Can by no Means be forced or driven beyond the Valve or Portal ; but how much more you endeavour to do this, fo much the more you fhall fee at the Valve the Vein iwell'd and diftended. Hence, fince a Man may make Experiments in many Places, it appears that the Function of the Valves in the Veins is the fame as that of the Sigmoides, or Thfee- pointed Portals, which are made in the Orifice of the Aorta, or Vena Arterioja ; to wit, that they may be clofely fhut up, left they fhould hinder the Blood to return back again.
Befides tying the Arm again as before, and the Veins fweiling, if you hold the Vein below any Swelling or Portal, at any Diftance, and afterwards with your Finger drive the Blood upwards above the Portal, you fhall lee that Part of the Vein remain empty, and that it cannot return by»reafon of the Portal • but taking away your Fin- ger, you fhall fee it again hlTd by the lower Veins ; 10 that from hence it appears plain- ly, that the Blood does move towards the upper Part?, and the Heart in the Veins, and not on the contrary. And though in iome Pisces which are not clolely fhut, or where there is but one V alve, the Pafiage of the Blood f rom the Centre feems not to be qtiite hindered, yet for the molt Part it ap- pears fo, or left that which is negligently petforei'd ia feme Places, is tccompeiiled by
Anatomica,
the V «lves. This is further to be obferved tying the Arm as before, and the Veins (well, and Knots or Valves appearing, if below any Valve in any Place where you find the next, you Place your Finger which may hold the Vein, that no Blood go from your Hand upward*, then Iqueeze with yotir Finger the Blood from that Part of the Vein above the I alve ; then faking away your Finger, fuffer it to be fill'd' up by thole under, and then preffing again with your Thumb in the lame Place, Iqueeze out the Blood : Now you may do this a Thofe- land Times in a little Space : And if you compute how much by one Comprellion moves upwards by preffing of the Valve, and multiplying that by Thoulai:ds, you fhall find 10 much Blood palled by this Means through a little Part of a Vein, io that you will find your lelf perfectly pti- fwaded concerning the Circulation of the Blood, and of its fwift Motion.
Seeing then it is confirm'd by Reafons and evident Experiments, that the SWdoespafs through the Lungs and the Heart by the puliation of the Ventricles, and from thence is driven into the whole Body, and creeps into the Capillary Veffcls, and through them returns by the little Veins into the greater ; from the Circumference to the Centre, from whence it comes at. lalt into the Vena Cava, and into the Auricle of the Heart, in lo great Plenty, with fo great Flux and Reflux from hence through the Arteries, and from thence through the Veins again ; it muff of Necedity Horn thefe Thing? be concluded, that the Blood is dri- ven round by a Grcular Motion, and it per- petually moves ; hence ariles the Action and Function of the Heart, which by Pul- iation it performs ; and laltly, That the Motion and Pulfation of the Heart is the only Caule.
Of
Medha, Cbirurgica, &c.
35
Of the Motion of the ^Biood, Sanguification and 'Mu- nition, &c- From James De Buck, Thyfcian in Ordinary to the Town of Rotterdam. •
\Lood is an Humour familiar to the Na- ture of Animals, contain'd in the Veins and Arteries , being cotnpofed of Mate- rials fit for the Nutrition of the Parts, ad- nainifking Heat to the whole Body, toge- ther with Nourifhment for the Support of Life. The Elaboration of this Humour is called H&matofv or Sanguification: This is perfected Two Ways ; Firft, in the Habit of the Body, by an Univulal Circulation ; and in the next Pjace, by a Mixture and Addition of feveral Juices jumbled together, whereby the H<ewatoJis is form'd, and the Anitnal is i.uttained,. and receives its In- creale. I think ho Man will deny the Name of Blood to.this Humour, which is fit for a tender Body whilft'it is White, and has not as yet requir'd Rednei's for an Apt- ncls of Nutrition, and not Redr.els makes the Blood, the Blood of many Creatures not being Red. *
The Nutriment being received, and a lit- tle imbrued with the Saliva or Spittle, that it may ahe eafier receive the Mot (lure of the Mouth, -it is lent into the Oefophagw or 6#//«f, and by the Help of its Mujcles and Fibres down into the Stomach, where it is watered with what iflues cut of the inner Tunicle, .and being mix'd by the Force of the Stomach, is jumbled together as much as it can be: Theaforefaid7««ic/f, the more it is diltended, feems to be the thinner,and the Pores of it more open, and fo on the con- trary ; wherefore there is a great Quantity of this Moitture poured in when it contains any Tlnng?frf(lrts Capaciouinefs or Diften- tion, which is to be diluted, than when it fall?, for then it is thickened, and the Ne- ceflity of Dilution is not lo prefling. 1 do not believe that in any natural Operation the Colour or Cotifilrency of a Thing has ixw .chang'd -without the , Addition srPe-
trac^ion of Subfhnce ; though I believe that Heat furthers Digeftion, fo that it congre- gatesHomogenea Is, and ditgregates Hetero- geneals ; although Fifhes, who'.e Internals and very Blood is cold, digelt their Food, being fwallowed down .whole, and are Ra- venous without Mealure : This is very con- fpicuous to our Senles, for if we look but into the Stomach of a Fifh of common Size, when he has iwallowed another for Food, whpfe Body, -beeaufc it is not all at one Time conlumed in Digeftion, but the Ex- ternal Parts, and thole that are neareft the bottom of the Stomach, after a little while, we fhall fee the Reliques of the Fifh (wal- lowed, it-nd about them the Part digefted ; and near the Sides of the Stomach a certain Juice, juii come out of the Pores or Glands of the inward Tunicle like Sweat, that being more diluted than that which appears al- moft digefted, it might be thruft into the Gut, through the Pylorus, by the Force of the Contraction of the Stomach.
But left any one fhauld think this is done by Drink, it is certain that it is likewile nnx'd with this Juice before it goes out of jhe Ventricle, but that it needs not fo long Time for it, becaufc iboner, and rather fort and liquid Things are digged than grols Things : for being vomited up a while after it has been receiv'd, it appears thicker and more Slimy, unlels the Stomach be dileas'd, and be weak of Digeftion, then it comes up thin and lour; becaufe all that goes in wanting that favourable Juice, becomes four, and is corrupted. Mott attribute this four Juice to the Spleen, but without Rea- fon, iince nothing is carried from it to the Stomach ; neither Mucous, nor a thin Hu- mour or fharp acid Juice to further Dige- ftion, or provoke Appetite, or for any o- sthei Caulc j the Jfcalon is, becaule there.is
F 2
no
36 Bibliotheca
no Way, nor no immediate Paflages, from the Spleen into the Stomach.
It is a hard Thing to fay whether any Thing be carried from the Spleen to the Sto- mach, though there are feveral Learned and
Judicious Men do think that the.imalier 'ortion of the Chyle infinuates it (elf into the Pores of its Tunicles, and that being drawn together by the Blood returning, it is Jed through the iinall Branches of the Ga- ftrick Veins into the Spleen, and mix'd with the Blood pa fling out of the abundance of Arteries in that Place into the Vein?, and mix'd with the Heat of the Spleen, thitit flows through the Splenick Paflage, with the Hemorrhoid j 1 Blood, into the I ' ena Porta and the Liver: But fince thefe Tilings are ©bfcure, we iliall neither confirm or con- tradict them. The Tunicle of the Stomach feems to be fo much taken up in emitting of Moilture, that I fufpect it cannot lerve Two Motions fo contrary-, as to emit from the Pores of the Tunicle into its Cavity, and out of its Cavity into the Pores of the 7V nicle, at one and the fame Time; efpecially fince it Hays to be made Chyle there. It proves nothing that in a living Creature, tying the Veins which go to the Spleen, they iwell that Way, for this is common to all Veins which are tied, to fink towards the larger Trunks, and fwell towards the Branches.
As to the Gajlrici Veins, being grafted in- to a Branch of the Splenick, whilft it is yet hid in the Spleen; the Blood which is fent through them does not touch the Subltance of \\\t Spleen, only is mix'd with-that which comes out of ir, and with a quick Motion is carried into the Porta to dilute the Chyme which there if meets with, coming out of the Glandules of the Mefentery. I think that the Spleen was made for this Ulealone, that it may depofite into the Porta that Blood which it re- ceives in abundance from the Branch of tKe CAiacl Vein, being firft Hrain'd through its thin and ipongy Subftance, that it may there dilute the Chyme, which is but little in regard of the Blood which flows to it, with its Abundance, together with that which returns from the Nutrition of the reft of the Bowels ; which is fo necefiary, that when the Spleen is obftrudted, and the Paf- fage of Blood is ftopt, and the Chyme is
Anatomic a,
not well diluted, the whole Body, by De- pravation of the Nutriment is extenuated, and the Spleen lwells into a greater Bulk by the Stagnation of Blood.
After the Chyle is parted into the Intefiiner, the groffcr Part is always moved further by the Pcriitaltick Motion ; but that which is thin is fqueez'd through the Glands of the Guts as their Strainers, and to Veilels pro- per for its Reception, which are called the LaUeals ; and thefe opening themlelves in the midft of the Bowels, do receive this White Liquor like Milk into them, and then endeavouring to free themlelves from Diftctition, the others move it forward to be refined in the Glandules of the Mefentery, and this into the Pancreas; the Chyle being pals'd by thele Vefleis, the Chyme is lqueez'd out of it by the forcible Contraction of the l.nteflines, and the enmpreflive Weight of the Bowels lying upon it, as alio by the conti- nual Motion of the Mujcles of the Abdo- men, and is received by the. Verne LaBea, to be depofited in the Glandules ; whence, being turned \ntoBlood, as aforelaid, it en- ters into the Capillary Veins, out of which Hiding it is diluted, by great Store of Blood, flowing every w*here from the Vena Porta, but efpecially from the Spleen, deftined for that Purpofe.
Chyme is the drained Juice which is fepa- rated trom the groiYerSubllance of the Chyle, and is the fame Matter which iscontain'd in the Vena Latlea ; and it is luppoled that this,, after it is pafled the Adenes of the Pancreas and Mejentery, and received into the little Branches of the Vena Porta, may very welt be called Chyme : To this Chyme anfwers that Preparation of the Blood in the Placenta, whilft the Birth is yet in the Womb, in which a Juice defending from the Body of the Womb, is diluted with Blood brought through the Umbilical Arteries, both for Nu- trition, as like wile for the Performance of this Work, and is mix'd, and then acquires the firft Difpofition of Blood. Afterwards the Bile or Choler is added to the Blood which was thought by all the Ancients to be an Excremer.t, as being contrary to the Nature of Animals, which delight in fweet Things, and are nourifhed by them. The ttileary, or Gill-Bladder, confifts of a Membranous Subltance, which may be contracted and
cxtea-
Mec/ica, Cbirurgica, t?c.
• extended. Befides that which is common to the Entrails, it has a Arong Tunicle of its own, ftrengthen'd with all Manner of Fibres. The narrow Neck of this Bladder Aretch'd out in Length, makes up the Biliary Paflage, calfd the DuElus Cholidocbus. In this are placed Valves, which, befides hindering any Thing from entring into the Bladder thro' this Paflage, flop the Return of the Choltr
(after it is once out; which appears, when with our Fingers we endeavour to fqueeze back which we have prefs'd out of it, for we can by no Means thruft it back again.
This Paflage is divided into two Tracts, of which the one being firft divided into two, then into more, and afterwards into many Spring?, pafles through the Liver, that the Gall, being divided into very little Parts,, may be moved forward into the V ma Cava, parting through the Liver, together with the Blood that flows from the Vena Porta. The other going further, is obliquely grafted in- to the Beginning of the Jejunum, being drawn down betwixt both the Tmicles of the Intefiines about the Length of two In- ches, fo that it makes one Hole in the Gut, together with that which runs through the Pancreas through the aforefaid Paflage, or being pafs'd through the Hole to the Vert* Ltttete, to be prepared with the Juice of the Chyle.
It feems to me abfurd that two Liquors fhould meet without Mixture, that the In- tefiines fhould fqueeze out the grofier, and the Vent La5le<e receive it, and yet not re- ceive that which is thinner. It is fit that the Gall fhould be added to this infipid and lweet Liquor, both that its Sharpnefs and ex- ceeding yellow Colour might be temper'd with this crude white Juice, as likewife that its dull Inactivity might be put in brisker Motion. If the other, that is, the Paflage .which goes to the Inteftines, be ftop'd, or by external Comprefllon be fo ftreighten'd that the Way of the Bile to the Intefiines be hinder'd, it is by another Paflage conveyed into the Mafs of Blood, and turns the whole Body yellow. From hence I am fatisfied, that the Choler or Gall is not an Excrement of the Liver, but being made for a better and more common Ufe, it is firft collected in the Bladder, and in due Time is both mix d with the ChjU and the Blood, Thus
37
we affirm, that the Blood being alter'd with thefe divers Mutations, and mix'd with that in the Vena Cava, which returns from the whole Body, is alimentary, and fit for the Nutrition of all the Parts, being dittributed to them by proper Veflels appointed for that Ufe.
1 hat the Blood may be turn'd into Nou- rifhment for the Body, there Ire two Things very necefl'ary, Motion and Preflure, by the Help of which, it may flow or be mov'd to thofe Parts which are to be nourilh'd. Since this does not depend on the Blood, but is different from it, as that which moves from that which is moveable, it contributes no- thing to the Hamatofts. Indeed, this Fluxi- bility or Motion appertaining to its Confti- union, ought to arrive from Sanguification, and be reducible to the H<emato/ts. The Se- rum or Air that is mix'd with the Blood, make it moveable : By the former, the Mem- bers are made flagging, foft and unactive ; by the latter or aerial, the folid Parts are render'd more robufl and vigorous. And though Serum is neceflary for the Augmen- tation and Nutrition of the tender Parts of an Embrio in the Womb, when it grows bigger, befides that Nature in requiring Ali- ment wants Air, it has likewife need of it to facilitate the Motion of the Heart and Brain; for they are moved continually and agitatated by an alternate Sj/ftole and Diajlole ; nor are they hinder'd by the Birth being tender, for the whole Breafi, with the Hearty Brain, and Cranium it felf, cover 'd with a Film, rifes and falls again. The Members growing folid in Time, the Bones daily ac- quire a greater Degree of Hardnefs, and are more refitting to the Motion. In the mean time, the Strength of the Body, and the Heart growing, the Pulfes and Motion of the Brain become greater, which Difcord go- ing on, it comes to pafs, that the Birth be- ing inltigated by a Neceflity of freer Mo- tion, is incited to change Place for more Air, and fo the Delivery is haften'd.
The Infant coming into the World, it is ferioufly to be obferved, that the Blood is- moilten'd, and made more iubtile by the At- traction of theAir, whence the Excrements, which in Time of Geftation were but few, are augmented, and the ferous Humour, that is of lefs Importance to its. further Nutri-
38 Bibliotheca
tion, is voided in greater Plenty ; fo that it is obfervable, that an Infant born without an open PafTage for Urine or Excrement, will die in a Ihort Time. By the Confideration of thefe Things, I am perfwaded, that nei- ther this Blood, or any other which is con- tained in the Veins, is fit for the Nutrition of the Parts, unlets being mix'd with a due Proportion of* Air, and fo enliven'd, it can be admitted into the leaft Part of them; for Nutrition is not made by externa! Addition, but when the Nourishment is fitly adapted not only to every Part, but duly to every little Portton, and lo afhmilated to it. k is clear enough, that this "Fluxibility is given to the Blood by ihe Air, being a moift thin Body, and proper for Motion. But if it be objected, That it is only necelTary for the Motion and Cooling of the Heart • the An- fwer is eafily given from the Example of Fifh ; for though they are always cold, they frill draw up Water at every Pull'e of their Heart, and lend it out at their Gills, with which they might be both fatisfied for the Motion of their Heart,wd for Refrigeration, if they needed any luch ; yet to them is af- figned a little Bladder, in which they carry Air along \vith them, that they may (by under Water, and not always be forced to lwim at Top to take in the Air ; for if be- ing taken with a Net or Weed, they be kept ldr,g under Water, and hinder'd from breath- ing, the Air in their little Bladder being fpeiit, they are fuffocated and die.
Columbus, a famous Anatomift in his Time, was the firft who was of Opinion that the "Mixture of the Blood with Air was per- fortn'd' in the Lnngs, and that this Blood was made vital ; tor confidering the Capa- cioufnefs of %\\t Vena Arteriofa, he thought it was appointed for fome other Ufe than to carry Nutrition to the Lungs ; for (lays he) if the vital Blood is not brought to the Lungs, it is created in it, but is not given to it from any where elfe ; for it has no Branch from the Aorta, nor by the Artcria Venofa, which, by reafon of its Valves, receives no Blood from the Heart ; Tor if it did, it would beat : Therefore it follows that it is bred there, fince live Directions demonftrate that the Atteria Venofa : is full of Air as well as Blood, and is without Pulfe. Now there is always Air ready in the Lmgs, and they atse
Anatcmica,
properly form'd for fuch a Reception ; for their Flefh is loft, light, thin and fpongy, and fo interwoven with different Kinds of VefTels, that it is render'd full of Holes like a Sponge.
There is required in the Action or Pro- duction of Heat in the living Creature, full Motion in the Blood, then lomething to move it* and laltly a Difpofitiou of The Ways or PafTages through which and to which, as to Bounds, it may be mov'd and contain'd. It has its Motion partly from the Semm, but chiefly from the Air, which is added to the Blood in the Lungs by the Mediation of this, that it being^diviiible into infinite" Parts, can pals through all, even the- thickelt Parts. There is fo»greataTi Affinity betwixt Divifibility and Motion, that the more eafy a Thing is ordained to be divided into lels Parts, it is fo much the more moveable, Motion being absolutely ncctiTiry to the BUod for dilfributing of Nourishment ; for Nutrition is the Union and Affimilation of the nutritive Humour to every Part, which Nutriment, that it may become one liviugThing, together with that which is to be nourifhed, is not per- form'd by external Appofition, but it ought lb to pafs the lea It Particles of the Mem- bers, that, according to all their Dimen- fions, it may be added and united to them.
It is likewile to be obferv'd, that all that is brought thither is not united, knee the lelf lame Blood has varrous Parts in ir, of "which fome are rnofi -fit &ik1 apt •for tins Part, and other fome for another Part, yet none Mick to them (being oppos'd) but thole that have a Relemblance with them, the reft being unfit, return to the V eins. If there be a greater Quantity added than is ex- hausted, there is made an Accretion ; ;but if a Pan that did adhere before, be -carried away with it, there happens an Extenuation of the Parts. The very Way of its Prepa- ration fhews 'the ;Motron of (lie Blood ; for no Part of Chyle is admitted into the LaBettls but the thinner and more agile Part of it, which, after it has fir ft pals'd the Giarjds of the Mejentery and the Pancreas, and mixed with a little Bile, it is at hit impregnated with the finer Particles -of the Air in the Lttngs, to /give it its requifite?Peffection.
This
Medkay Chirurgiccty i&e.
This' Motion of the Blood is not fumcient alone to the Production of Heat ; for unlefs it be driven by fome impulfive Force, and be agitated with a fwift Motion, it fhould never become hot ; and though the Blood be difpofed to Motion, if it be deftitute of vital Spirits, it is no ways able to move it ielf, and thefe vital Spirits chiefly affect or a<5t upon the Heart, which hiving large and ipringy Fibres, readily contract and thrult out the Blood received from the Auricles into the Arteries, without any other Intention but to eale it felf of that heavy Burthen, with fuch frequent and fwift Pulfations, that from them, and likewile by comparing the Contractions and Dilatations of the Heart, the Greatnefs of the Flood-gates, and the Elevation (enfible to the Touch of all the Arteries through the whole Body, one may by Conjecture eafily gather how ('wife- ly, by a continual Motion, the Blood pafies through all the Parts.
The Arteries, and all the Parts, fecond the Heart in this Motion, they being fill'd and fwcU'd by the Force of ti e Action of the Heart, when they are contracted and op- prefs'd by a Weight of the neighbouring Part, as the Pulmorury Arteries into the Lungs, and the Aorta into the whole Body. Let no Man therefore fuppofe, becaule the Blood leaps out by the impulfive Action of the Heart in tie DiaftuU of a wounded Artery, that the Hlood hi& all its prcpulfive Force from the Heart, and that the Arteries contri- bute nothing to it, becaule it kerns to leap out when they arc -n"! I'd. It will not from
39
they arc- thence be concluded, that the Blood in the Syjlole of the Arteries does not move farther, for they fall and are contracted, that they may rile again in their Diajlole ; and though at tliat Time the Blood does not flow out of them with fo great Force as to leap, yet it fades out of them as out of a Vein, and as much as the elofing Lips will fuffer to flow forth.
It appears how much Power the Arteries have in Protrufion of Blood by the Ligature j for no fooner by it, nay even the great Arte* ry is tied, but immediately beyond the Li- gature it is emptied in the Space of three or four Pulfations, although by Hindrance of the Band there proceeds uo impulfive Force
from the Heart. The Parts which make up the Ways through which the Blood may pafs, and in which, as in Bounds, it may be con- tained, and its Heat prcferv'd, are the Heart, the Arteries, the Pores, and the Veins, with their Appendices. The Vena Cava, with its Auricle, the right Ventricle of the Heart, and the Pulmonary Artery, make up one Tallage together, as the Vein of the Lungs, and the Auricle fa/ten'd to it, and the left Ventricle of the Heart, with the Aorta, make up ano- ther. Either of thefe is joint and undivided, apparent to the View, only in moft Places it is clos'd with V aives, hindring the Regrefs of the Blood. There are a great many of thefe which are connate in the Concavities of the Veins, both becaufe there is an In- equality in the Motions of the Body, as like- wife becaufe by outward Compreflion they eafily yield, from the Softnefs of their Tmi- cles, whence not only the Motion of the Blood might be hinder'd, but to the great Damage 'of the Body, it might be prefs'd backwards, unlefs that were prevented by Nature with Valves.
Thefe are framed at the Entry and Egrefs of the Heart only for the firlt Reafon, to wit, becaule the Motion of the Auncles, Heart and Arteries, is not the fame, but dif- ferent. There is none granted to Arteries, becaule at one Pufh they are elevated by the Action of the Heart, and when that ccafes, they are likewife contracted and fall ; next, becaufe of the Hardnels of their Subflance, they are not fo eafily fqueez'd together by the Weight of the Parts adjoining. In thelc Paflage?, the Blood gains nothing from the Heart or Arteries but a fwifter Motion ; all that it has, is added to it by the few;. Tftfi Beginning of thele defcnb'd Paffages begin together with the Veins, and like Marks or Bounds, end together with the Arteries, both which Parts arc funilar, lo call'd, becaufe they have a Similitude one to another, and any Part of them is call'd by a like Name, a V tin, or an Artery : Therefore wherelocver they are fo ingrafted into the Subltance of the Parts, and are fo entangled with many Divifions and Divarications, that they quite lole both Name and Similitude, they are ta- ken for Subltance, which flows thither for Nutrition of the Parts.
1
4°
Eiblictheca Anatomica,
Whether Harvey thought that the Ventricles of the Heart were Jo expanded in the Syftole that they might receive Blood, and jo /hut up again in the Diaftole as to thrujl it fo> th • that Juch a Se- quel did follow from the Suppofitwn of Girtcfius. "By the fame Author.
SEE no Rcafon why the Famous Des Cartes fhould fay that the Venerable Harvey thought that the V auricles of the dilated in its Syjlole that they might reccive / bod, and were Itraighten'd in the Diajlole that they might propel it into the Arteries. Des Cartes think?, that the Heart, by realbn of the Ebullition of Blood rais'd by its implanted Heat, fwells and rifes into Diajlole at that Time when the Brealt is Itruck, and the Pulfe may be felt outwardly. Harvey fays, that the Heart , at the fame Time that it ftrikes the Brealt, Itrctches all the Fibres, eredts it felf, is on all Sides con- tracted, and is in its Syjlole. The fame Time in which one fays there isa. Syjlole, the other lays there is a Diajlole.
Is it fit for Des Cartes to afcribe th3t to Harvey which is againlt his Opinion ? As if he had faid, that the Heart was dilated, and received Blood in the Syjlole, becaule Des Car- tes is of Opinion that the Syjlole is at that Time, though he affirms and demonftrates that the Diajhle is then made. Harvey by ' the fame Right might lay the like of Des Car- tes. But let us examine whole Opinion is belt.
Harvey, who was an exquifite Anatomift, oblcrv'd two diltindt Times in the Motion of the Heart, to wit, one Time of Motion when the Heart moves it (elf and is in Action, and another Time of Relt, in which ceafmg from Action, it is moved and ex- tended by the Immiffion of Blood from the Auricles. He fays, that thefe Times may be more manifeitly diliinguifh'd and accurate-
ly obferv'd in colder Creatures; yet in hot- teft Creatures, the belt Oblervations arc to be taken when the Heart begins to die, and beat more (lowly and faintly ; for then the Relts are longer, which in a vigorous and. lively Heart can hardly be di'cern'd : Then Jikewife the Heart is leen, after the Perfor- mance of its Syjlole, to be at Relt, and to be, viz,, in the Creature departing, loole, flag- ging, weaken'd, and lie as it were droop- ing.
* He fays, that the Auricles at this Time do Itretch and contract themfelves, and by Im- pulfion drive the Blood into the V utricles, in the Diftention of which they make a Dia- ftole ; which being done, that is to fay, when it is extremely diltended, begins the Motion of, the Heart, .at which Time con- tracting it felf every Way, and leaning up- on hs Bijis, it is erected, and being lefler in Quantity, and oblong, it lifts up its Point, and Itrikes the Brealt. He calls this Time the Syjlole, the former the Diaftole. The firft begins when the Heart is emptied and lefts from its Work, and leaves oft when the Heart is full : The other begins when the Heart Itretches all the Fibres, and contracts them, and ends when that Work is riniuYd.' Let any Man then judge if Harvey be of Opi- nion that the Blood in the Syjlole is received into the dilated Ventricles of the Heart, and thr.ult out into the Arteries in the Diajlole, when they are Itraighten'd, elpccially fince the Matter being yet in Controverly, it is not determined whole Opinion is the beli
Let
Mecfica, Cbir
Let us examine Des Carta's Opinion of the Syftole and Diaftole, and try whether or no that will follow from his own Writings clearly, which he carps at in others. Seeing the Diaftole and Syftole have their Times in which they are meafured, and are mutually diftinguifh'd one from another, let us fee how the Beginning of one, and the End of the other, can be difcern'd from his Suppo- iition. We know the Difference of the Syftole and Diaftole by our Touch only, which is moft ulual in the Pulfe of the Arteries, or meerly by Reafon. The firft Way is, becaufe the Extenfion of the Heart, as likewife of the Auricles and Arteries, is a Diaftole, and a Syftole the Contraction of it. That Time which is nighefi to the higheft Extenfion, is of the Diaftole; as likewife, that is faid to be of the Syftole, which is next to the high- eft Contradtion. The Diaftole begins, in the middle Way to Contraction it ends, the reft of the Time is afcrib'd to a Syftole. The ■©ther Way, which is by the Help of Rea- fon, is faid by Des Cartes- to begin when the Ebullition begins, when the Heart begins to fwell with Blood ; and the Syftole, when in the Refrigeration of the Blood it falls again. Let it be taken how you will, it follows of Necefllty, that the Blood in the Syftole is ad- mitted into the Ventricles of the Heart, and that it is lent abroad in its Dilatation or Diaftole into the Arteries.
In the firft, there is no Doubt it remains that we demonftrate it according to the laft Way, feeing he himfelf does not aver it openly, but fays, as foon as two Drops of Blood are enter'd, tl'at is to fay, into either of the Concavities/ which are prelently di- lated and rarefied/ jy reafon of Heat which they find there ; for which Caufe they make all the Heart fwell, and do withal prels up- on and clofe the five Valve t that are in the Entry, from whence they flow. Bes Cartes feems to affirm, that the Blood is enter'd be- fore the Ebullition begins; for (fays he) af- ter the Drops are enter'd, the Blood is rare- fied, which makes a Diajiole ; whence it is apparent, they came in in the Syftole. The ^onfequence likewife teaches us, that the Blood enters into the Ventricles, when the Valves placed at the Heads of the re/ware open ; but it goes out when they are fhut, and thofe of the Arteries are open. But
urgica, &c. 41
Des Cartes opens the V alves of the Veins in the Syftole, and lhuts them in the Diaftole ; there- fore the Blood enters into the Ventricles of the Heart in the Syftole, and not in the Dia- ftole.
Befides, he imagines that the Arteries come to be in their Diaftole, by reafon the Blood entring is dilated, and that they have their Syftole when it is refrigerated j wherefore in the Arteries, out of which the Caufes of the Syftole are deriy'd, the Times of its Entry and Condenfation will be more diftinci than in the Heart, from which the Caufe is taken of its Diaftole, Entry and Dilatation. But what need we many Demonftrations ? The Learned Regius, 4>rofeJ[or of Phyfick in the Univerfity of Utrecht, and a Rotable Fol- lower of Des Cartes's Philofophy, in exprefs Words fays, That the Diaftole is a Part of the Pulfe, in which the Heart, by the rare- fied Blood coming out of the Vena Cava in- to the right Ventricle, and out of the Arte- ria Venofa into the Left, in the Syftole, ac- cording to its Depth and Breadth is dilated and fwell'd ; and a little after he continues, Nor is this Part of the Pulfe to be accounted the Syftole of the Heart from thence, becaule cutting away the Point of the Heart in a living; Creature, the Ventricles of it are felt in this Cafe, and iecm to be (traighten'd ; for the Diaftole of the Heart is not to be reckoned from the Dilatation of the Ventricles, but from the Swelling of the Heart it felf, whiclj may come to pais when the Ventricles are ftraighten'd. Tis therefore to be concluded, tha t Des Cartes determines that which he carps at in Harvey, to wit, That the Ventricles are dilated in the Syftole that they may receive Blood, and are ftraighten'd in the Diaftole^ when the Blood is thrult out into the Ar- teries.
May not Harvey with good Reafon fay, that Des Cartes's Opinion concerning the Mo- tion of the Heart is deftroy'd by his own proper Experiment, in which he ftrives to confute the Opinion of the Famous Harvey? And fince we have gone fo far to know the different Opinions of thefe two Eminent Men, it will not be amiis in comparing their Arguments, to fee which of their Opinions is more plaufible. It being received through all Ages, that the Diaftole of the Heart was then performed, when by G Ex-
42 Bihliotheca Anatomica,
Extenfion like a Pair of Bellows, and draw- the Heart is fill'd with Blood and diftended.- ing Biood into the Ventricles, it was faid to *Des Cartes attributing no Action proper to be fill'd, and that that came to pals at fuch the Heart, but affirming that its Motion is Time when it ftruckthe Breajl, and the Pul- excited by no foregoing Power, but by the fat ion was felt outwardly. The Immortal Heat which is implanted in it, that dilates Harvey obfervd, that at that Time there the Blood, and raiies its Ebullition, thinks, was net a Diaftole, but a Syflole perform'd ; that the Heart is erected, and ftrikes the Jior was the Heart dilated, or rcceiv'd Blood, Breaft from thefe Reafons. In a live Coney, when the Heart being at Reft, and defifting fays he, after the Top was cut off, the Bafis from its Labour, was extended by a greater of its Heart remaining ftill faft to its VcfTela, Quantity, the Blood being thrown into the did beat long enough, and in it I faw plain- Ventricles by the Syflole of the Auricles, the ly thole Concavities that are call'd the Vcn~ Syflole being an Action of the Heart by tricles of the Heart, become large in the Dia- which it thrufts out that Blood which it re- ftde, and narrower in the Syflole. And a lir- ceives into the Ventricles into the Arteries, tie while after, you muft take Notice, that and raifes them into a Diaflole. to perform this Experiment aright, you muft
It is Co be taken Notice*of, fays he, that not only cut away the very Point, but half the Heart, when it moves it felf, is con- the Heart, or more, and that you muft eflay traded and ftretclfd like other Parts which this in a Coney, which is a fearful Creature, are contracted in A6tion likewile, whence it and not in a Dog ; for in Dogs, the Ventri- comes to be of lels Compai?, which is both cles have feveral Involutions, the Concavities apparent to the Touch and Sight, becaufe it 6f every one of which "arc lo extended by is kflen'd, and is perceiv'd to be harder and the Dilatation of the Blood, that in the mean more lpringy. He proves this Confequence time the general Concavity of either of the by. the txample of the Mufiles , which, Ventricles is more ftrengthen'd : And laftly, when they contract thcmfelves, become har- being taken hold of with the Hand, it feels der. and more refifting. Befides, the Fibres a great deal harder in the Diaflole than in the being contracted, are fhorten'd and grow Syflole. To thefe Regius adds, if at that Time thicker, and lo the Subftance and Walls of the Heart and the Arteries be wounded, the the. Heart are thicken'd at that Time. He Blood is feen to leap out from the fwelling prove?, that the Ventricles are not fill'd with Heart and dilated Arteries. Befides, fays he, Blood at that Time, becaufe they become at what Time the Impulfe of the Artery ia narrower, and are more conftricted and lefs laid to ccafe, at the lame Time we fee that capacious, as likewile they are leen to be Side of the Heart which looks towards the emptied ; for upon the giving of a Wound, Sternum falls, and efpecially there where it the Blood comes out leaping, which is thru ft anfwers to the Orifice of the Aorta • and the. out by the Contraction of the Heart. Laft- right Side and the left, towards the right ]y, the Heart becomes whiter, which, when and left Rib?, flags, the Point recedes from, it is fill'd, is flulh'd with a red Colour, the Bafis, and the whole Heart becomes which is more apparent in Fifh, and colder loofe, flagging and foft ; but wounding the; Creatures. Heart and Arteries at that Time, no Blood,
All the Parts, when in Action, are invi- comes from them, but their Wounds clofe. gorated, but refting, are flagging and loft. Thefe are the Demonlfrations on bothy in tlx: Tune of the Puliation, the Heart, Sides: If then thele Reafons are according;, becaule it is in Adtion, is invigorated, con- to the fir ft Way that was laid how the Dis- tracted, and erects it falf lo much that it flole and Syflole lometimes might be diftin- iirikes the Bieaft. Thele are the Reafons guifhed, that is to lay, if the D/'*j/?o/c be iaidr from Harvey, by which induced, he endea- to be when the Heart is exceedingly fwelj'dj voura to fhow there are two dillinct Times and the Syflole when it is lefs Uvell'd, the for. the Motion of the Heart-, one,, when Arguments of Des Cartes and Reguu will ap~. contracting it itlf, it ftrike's the Breall, in pear to infer loinethmg. l.ut if you con-* which the Syflole is perfected ; another of its fult Reafon, you fhill find, that the Syflole^ Self, hi wlych the Di.flok is perform'd, and begins in the Height of the Diajlole, to wir,_
when.
Mecfica, Chirurgica, i$c.
when the Heart, extremely extended by the Blood, ttretching or contracting the Hires, thrutts it out into the Arteries • hut it de- iltts from this Action, when not being able to contract the Fibres any more, it loofens them, giving Occafion to a new Diaftole, which begins when the Heart leaves Action, and is done whiltt the Heart \s quiet, and till it begin a new Contradtion.
The Diaftole and Syfiole being thus confi- der'd, a blind Man may fee that the Opi- nion at Harvey is ettablifh'd with the ttrong- eft Reafons ; and that it mutt be concluded, that win lit the Diaftole is perform'd, that the Heart is at Rett, that the Ventricles are fill'd and become larger, that the Walls are ex- tended and grow thin, and that it felf is augmented according to all its Dimenfions ; and that in the Syftole, it moves it felf by its own proper A&ion, it is invigorated by Contraction, the Walls of it are thickend, it felf leffcn d, it .advances its Point, the Ventricles are ttraighten'd, and by lqueezing are emptied, the Blood is thrult into the^r- teries, and in the mean time they advance themlelves into a Diaftole, at the lame Time when the Auricles are erected.
Thefe Things will appear plainer, if in a healthful or lively Body, you confider that the Sides of the Heart do not fall or flag, or grow loofe and loft towards the right or left Sides, but that this happens only in dying Creatures • Examples of which Harvey al- ledges, that the Time of the proper Motion of 'the Heart, and its Rclt, might be more evidently diltinguifh'd, and that he might eafier demon ttra'te, whiltt all the Actions are flow, that the Heart moves and contracts it felf in the Syftole, and retts from Action in the Diaftole. By a found Animal thefe Things are io quickly perform'd, that fcarce has the Heart done its Contraction, but it is fill'd again, by the Urgency of the Blood through thofe open Ways, and Contraction of the Amides, in the Twinkling of an Eye, and fometimes looner, ib that it is a hard Thing to difcern the filling and emptying, if not impofTiblc to do it. It is true, that at the lame Time- Blood leaps out of the
43
Wounds of the Heart and Artery, in the Syftole of this, and tiie Diaftole of that, by the Urgency or Contraction of the Heart ; foe this being empty whiltt it is fill'd, and erected by the Auricle, altho' the Blood come out in the mean time, yet it comes not out with- leaping, for the Action of the Auricle is not ttrong enough; then the Ventricles, which are empty, and mutt be fill'd again, binder the leaping out of it; but the more forcible contractive Strength of the Heart makes the Blood leap out through both W ounds.
Let us to thefe fubjoin our own Argu- ment?, by which we think Harvey's Opi- nion may be further confirmed. If the Blood was rarefied, and acquired greater Space in the right Ventricle, Nature ought to have given a greater Orifice to the Pulmonary Ar- tery, which might be wide enough for the PafTage- of the Blood ; the very Quantity which enter'd in the Diaftole, ought to come out in the following Syftole, the Bulk of which, if it be augment d, would need a greater Outlet, according to the Incrcale of the